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| Content Provider | Springer Nature Link |
|---|---|
| Author | Machida, Isao Suzuki, Yohey Takeuchi, Mio |
| Copyright Year | 2013 |
| Abstract | The Pleistocene Kimitsu aquifer was selected for examination of the relationship between groundwater age and chemical evolution of Ca(HCO$_{3}$)$_{2}$-type groundwater. For the most part, the aquifer is confined and composed mainly of quartz and feldspar with a small amount of calcite. The groundwater ages calculated by $^{14}$C were adjusted by using a carbon mass-balance method and corrected for effects of $^{14}$C diffusion. Groundwater ages in the Kimitsu aquifer vary from modern (upgradient) to approximately 2,400 years at 4.4 km from the edge of the recharge area. The $^{14}$C age was verified by groundwater velocity calculated from the hydraulic gradient and hydraulic conductivity. The confined groundwater evolved to Ca(HCO$_{3}$)$_{2}$-type around 50 years after recharge and this has been maintained for more than 8,300 years due to low chemical reactivity, derived from equilibrium with calcite, kaolinite and Ca-montmorillonite. In addition, high pH prevents the dissolution of Fe and Mn. Consequently, the rate of increase in electrical conductivity ranges from 10 to 30 μS/cm per 1,000 years. On the other hand, leakage from the deep region, which is recognized from high Cl$^{–}$ levels, causes remarkable increases in CH$_{4}$ and HCO$_{3}$ $^{–}$ concentrations, resulting in an apparent sulfidic zone at 500-m depth in most downgradient regions.O aquífero plistocénico Kimitsu foi selecionado para análise das relações entre a idade das águas subterrâneas e a evolução química dessas mesmas águas de tipo Ca(HCO$_{3}$)$_{2}$. Na sua maior parte, o aquífero é confinado e composto principalmente por quartzo e feldspato com uma pequena quantidade de calcite. A idade da água subterrânea, calculada a partir do $^{14}$C, foi ajustada através de um método de balanço de massa e corrigida para os efeitos de difusão do $^{14}$C. A idade da água subterrânea do aquífero Kimitsu varia desde moderna (a montante) até aproximadamente 2,400 anos a 4.4 km do centro da área de recarga. A idade $^{14}$C foi verificada pela velocidade da água subterrânea calculada a partir do gradiente hidráulico e da condutividade hidráulica. A água subterrânea confinada evoluiu para tipo Ca(HCO$_{3}$)$_{2}$ cerca de 50 anos após a recarga e esta situação mantem-se por mais de 8,300 anos, devido à limitada reatividade química, derivada do equilíbrio com a calcite, caulinite e montmorilonite-Ca. Para além disso, elevados valores de pH impedem a dissolução de Fe e Mn. Consequentemente, a taxa de incremento da condutividade elétrica varia de 10 a 30 μS/cm por cada 1,000 anos. Por outro lado, a percolação a partir de zonas profundas, que é reconhecida pelos valores elevados de Cl, causa incrementos importantes nas concentrações de CH$_{4}$ e HCO$_{3}$, resultando numa aparente zona sulfídrica a 500 m de profundidade na maioria das regiões a jusante.L’aquifère pléistocène de Kimitsu a été sélectionné pour étudier la relation entre l’âge des eaux souterraines et l’évolution chimique d’eaux souterraines de type Ca(HCO$_{3}$)$_{2}$. Pour l’essentiel, l’aquifère est captif et composé principalement de quartz et feldspath avec une faible quantité de calcite. Les âges de l’eau souterraine calculés par $^{14}$C ont été ajustés en utilisant la méthode d’équilibre de masse du carbone et corrigés des effets de la diffusion du $^{14}$C. Les âges des eaux souterraines de l’aquifère de Kimitsu sont comprises entre des âges récents dans la partie amont et environ 2400 ans pour les eaux souterraines situées à 4.4 km du bord de la zone de recharge. L’âge au $^{14}$C a été vérifié à partir du calcul de la vitesse des eaux souterraines en considérant le gradient et la conductivité hydraulique. L’eau souterraine confinée a évolué vers un type Ca(HCO$_{3}$)$_{2}$ environ 50 ans après la recharge, évolution qui s’est maintenue durant de plus de 8300 ans, à cause de la faible réactivité chimique, déduite de l’équilibre avec la calcite, kaolinite et Ca-montmorillonite. De plus, une forte valeur du pH empêche la dissolution du Fe et Mn. En conséquence, le taux d’augmentation de la conductivité électrique s’étend de 10 à 30μS/cm par 1,000 ans. Par ailleurs, des flux d’eau provenant des parties profondes de l’aquifère, reconnues comme ayant des niveaux de concentrations en Cl$^{–}$ élevées, provoquent des augmentations considérables des concentrations de CH$_{4}$ et HCO$_{3}$ $^{–}$, et des zones évidentes riches en sulfures à des profondeurs de -500m dans la plupart des régions situées en aval hydraulique.Se seleccionó el acuífero Kimitsu para examinar la relación entre la edad del agua subterránea y la evolución química de agua subterránea de tipo Ca(HCO$_{3}$)$_{2.}$ En su mayor parte, el acuífero está confinado y compuesto principalmente de cuarzo y feldespato con una pequeña cantidad de calcita. Las edades del agua subterránea calculadas con $^{14}$C se ajustaron utilizando un método de balance de masa de carbono y se corrigieron por efectos de la difusión de $^{14}$C. Las edades del agua subterránea en el acuífero Kimitsu varían desde modernas (gradiente arriba) hasta aproximadamente 2,400 años a 4.4 km del límite del área de recarga, La edad $^{14}$C se verificó a través de la velocidad del agua subterránea calculada a partir del gradiente hidráulico y la conductividad hidráulica. El agua subterránea confinada evolucionó hacia el tipo Ca(HCO$_{3}$)$_{2}$-en alrededor de 50 años después de la recarga y esto se ha mantenido por más de 8,300 años debido a la baja reactividad química derivada del equilibrio con la calcita, caolinita y montmorillonita Ca. Además, el alto pH previene la disolución de Fe y Mn. Consecuentemente, el ritmo de incremento de la conductividad eléctrica está entre 10 y 30 μS/cm cada 1,000 años. Por otra parte, la filtración de la región profunda, reconocida a través de altos niveles de Cl$^{–}$, causa marcados incrementos en la concentración de CH$_{4}$ y HCO$_{3}$ $^{–}$, lo que resulta en una aparente zona sulfurosa a 500-m de profundidad en la mayoría de las regiones gradiente abajo. |
| Starting Page | 1289 |
| Ending Page | 1305 |
| Page Count | 17 |
| File Format | |
| ISSN | 14312174 |
| Journal | Hydrogeology Journal |
| Volume Number | 21 |
| Issue Number | 6 |
| e-ISSN | 14350157 |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Publisher | Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
| Publisher Date | 2013-05-21 |
| Publisher Institution | International Association of Hydrogeologists |
| Publisher Place | Berlin, Heidelberg |
| Access Restriction | One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) |
| Subject Keyword | Groundwater age Hydrochemistry Redox reaction Deep groundwater Japan Hydrogeology Hydrology/Water Resources Geology Waste Water Technology Water Pollution Control Water Management Aquatic Pollution |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Earth and Planetary Sciences Water Science and Technology |
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