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| Content Provider | Springer Nature Link |
|---|---|
| Author | Hamilton, Stewart M. Grasby, Stephen E. McIntosh, Jennifer C. Osborn, Stephen G. |
| Copyright Year | 2015 |
| Abstract | Baseline groundwater geochemical mapping of inorganic and isotopic parameters across 44,000 km$^{2}$ of southwestern Ontario (Canada) has delineated a discreet zone of natural gas in the bedrock aquifer coincident with an 8,000-km$^{2}$ exposure of Middle Devonian shale. This study describes the ambient geochemical conditions in these shales in the context of other strata, including Ordovician shales, and discusses shale-related natural and anthropogenic processes contributing to hydrogeochemical conditions in the aquifer. The three Devonian shales—the Kettle Point Formation (Antrim equivalent), Hamilton Group and Marcellus Formation—have higher DOC, DIC, HCO$_{3}$, CO$_{2(aq)}$, pH and iodide, and much higher CH$_{4(aq).}$ The two Ordovician shales—the Queenston and Georgian-Bay/Blue Mountain Formations—are higher in Ca, Mg, SO$_{4}$ and H$_{2}$S. In the Devonian shale region, isotopic zones of Pleistocene-aged groundwater have halved in size since first identified in the 1980s; potentiometric data implicate regional groundwater extraction in the shrinkage. Isotopically younger waters invading the aquifer show rapid increases in CH$_{4(aq)}$, pH and iodide with depth and rapid decrease in oxidized carbon species including CO$_{2}$, HCO$_{3}$ and DIC, suggesting contemporary methanogenesis. Pumping in the Devonian shale contact aquifer may stimulate methanogenesis by lowering TDS, removing products and replacing reactants, including bicarbonate, derived from overlying glacial sedimentary aquifers.La cartographie de référence de la géochimie des eaux souterraines (paramètres inorganiques et isotopiques) sur une surface de 44,000 km$^{2}$ du Sud-Ouest de l’Ontario (Canada) a permis de délimiter une zone discrète de gaz naturel dans la roche mère de l’aquifère coïncidant avec une surface de 8,000 km$^{2}$ des schistes du Dévonien moyen. Cette étude décrit les conditions géochimiques environnementales dans ces schistes, y compris les schistes ordoviciens, et discute des processus naturels et anthropiques relatifs aux schistes contribuant aux conditions hydrogéochimiques au sein de l’aquifère. Les trois schistes dévoniens—la formation de Kettle Point (équivalent à la formation Antrim), le groupe Hamilton et la formation Marcellus—ont des teneurs supérieures en COD, CID, HCO$_{3}$, CO$_{2(aq)}$, pH et iodures, et beaucoup plus élevées en CH$_{4(aq)}$. Les teneurs en Ca, Mg, SO$_{4}$ et H$_{2}$S des deux schistes Ordoviciens—les formations de Queenston et de la Baie Georgienne/Montagne—sont supérieures. Dans la région des schistes dévoniens, les zones isotopiques des eaux souterraines d’âge pléistocène ont diminuées de moitié en dimension depuis leur première identification dans les années 1980; les données potentiomètriques associent une exploitation régionale des eaux souterraines à ce rétrécissement. L’invasion de l’aquifère par des eaux isotopiquement plus jeunes montre une rapide augmentation en CH$_{4(aq)}$, pH et iodures avec la profondeur et une rapide diminution des espèces de carbones oxydés y compris CO$_{2}$, HCO$_{3}$ et CID, suggérant une méthanogenèse contemporaine. Les pompages dans l’aquifère de contact des schistes du Dévonien peuvent stimuler la méthanogenèse en abaissant le TDS, supprimant des produits et les remplaçant par des réactifs, y compris le bicarbonate, issu des aquifères sédimentaires glaciaires sus-jacents.El mapeo geoquímico de la línea de base de las aguas subterráneas de parámetros inorgánicos e isótopos a través de 44,000 km$^{2}$ del sudoeste de Ontario (Canadá) ha delineado una zona discreta de gas natural en la roca de base acuífera coincidente con un área de 8000-km$^{2}$ expuestas de las lutitas del Devónico Medio. Este estudio describe las condiciones geoquímicas ambientales en estas lutitas en el contexto de otros estratos, incluyendo lutitas del Ordovícico, y discute los procesos naturales y antropogénicos relacionados a las lutitas que contribuyen a las condiciones hidrogeoquímicas en el acuífero. Los tres lutitas del Devónico—la Formación Kettle Point (equivalente a Antrim), el Grupo Hamilton y la Formación Marcellus—tienen mayores valores de DOC, DIC, HCO$_{3}$, CO$_{2(aq)}$, pH y yodo, y mucho mayor CH$_{4(aq).}$ Las dos lutitas Ordovícicas—las Formaciones Queenston and Georgian-Bay/Blue Mountain—tienen valores mayores en Ca, Mg, SO$_{4}$ y H$_{2}$S. En la región de lutitas del Devónico, las zonas isotópicas de agua subterránea de edad Pleistocena se han reducido a la mitad en tamaño desde su primera identificación en los 1980s; los datos potenciométricos implican una extracción regional de agua subterránea en dicha reducción. Las aguas más jóvenes isotópicamente que invaden el acuífero muestran rápidos incrementos en CH$_{4(aq)}$, pH y yodo con una rápida disminución en las especies de carbono oxidadas incluyendo CO$_{2}$, HCO$_{3}$ y DIC, sugiriendo una metalogénesis contemporánea. El bombeo en el acuífero de contacto de las lutitas Devónicas pueden estimular la metalogénesis mediante la reducción de TDS, eliminando productos y reemplazando reactivos, incluyendo a los bicarbonatos, derivados de los acuíferos sedimentarios glaciales suprayacentes.对(加拿大)安大略省西南部44,000平方千米进行的无机和同位素参数基线地下水地球化学绘图描绘了基岩含水层中一个天然气带,这个基岩含水层正好与中泥盆纪页岩层8,000平方千米出露区一致。研究描述了其他背景下这些页岩地层中周边地球化学条件,包括奥陶纪页岩层,探讨了影响含水层水文地球化学条件的与页岩有关的天然和人为过程。三个泥盆纪页岩地层—Kettle Point地层(相当于Antrim地层),Hamilton组和Marcellus地层,DOC,DIC,HCO$_{3}$,CO$_{2(aq)}$,pH和碘化物含量较高,CH$_{4(aq)}$非常高。两个奥陶纪页岩地层—Queenston地层和Georgian海湾/蓝山地层Ca,Mg,SO$_{4}$ 和 H$_{2}$S含量较高。在泥盆纪页岩区,更新世年代的地下水同位素带自从二十世纪八十年代确定以来减少了一半;等势资料显示区域地下水才开采在减少。进入含水层同位素上较年轻的水显示CH$_{4(aq)}$,pH和碘化物含量随深度迅速增加,而氧化碳种类包括CO$_{2}$,HCO$_{3}$ 和 DIC含量迅速减少,表明具有同时代的甲烷生成过程。泥盆纪页岩接触带含水层抽水能够通过降低TDS含量,除去源自上覆冰川沉积含水层的产物和替代反应物包括重碳酸盐来促进甲烷的生成。A partir do mapeamento geoquímico dos parametros isotópicos e inorgânicos das águas subterrâneas ao longo de 44,000 km$^{2}$ na região sudoeste de Ontário (Canadá), foi definida uma região discreta no aquífero cristalino com gás natural coincidente com a exposição de 8000 km$^{2}$ de formações de xistos do Devónico Médio. O presente estudo descreve as condições geoquímicas ambientais nos xistos em questão no contexto dos outros estratos, incluindo os xistos do Ordovícico e descreve os processos naturais e antropogénicos que contribuem para as condições hidrogeoquímicas do aquífero. As três formações de xisto do Devónico—a Formação de Kettle Point (equivalente à de Antrim), o Grupo de Hamilton e a Formação de Marcellus—apresentam elevados valores de COD, CID, HCO$_{3}$, CO$_{2(aq)}$, pH e iodeto e valores muito elevados de CH$_{4(aq).}$ As duas formações de xistos do Ordovícico—Formação de Queenston e Formação de Georgian-Bay/Blue Mountain—apresentam concentrações elevadas de Ca, Mg, SO$_{4}$ e H$_{2}$S. Na região dos xistos do Devónico, águas subterrâneas datadas do Plistocénico passaram a metade, em volume, desde a sua identificação primária em 1980; dados potenciométricos indicam que a extração regional de água subterrânea está na origem da diminuição do armazenamento de água nestes aquíferos. A recarga destes aquíferos por águas isotopicamente mais recentes mostram o aumento de CH$_{4(aq)}$, pH e iodeto com a profundidade e a diminuição de espécies de carbono oxidadas, incluindo CO$_{2}$, HCO$_{3}$ e CID, sugerindo metanogénese contemporânea. O bombeamento em xistos devónicos em contacto com o aquífero pode estimular a metanogénese, através da diminuição do TSD, pela remoção dos produtos e substituição dos reagentes, incluindo o bicarbonato derivado da sobreposição de aquíferos de sedimentos glaciares. |
| Starting Page | 719 |
| Ending Page | 739 |
| Page Count | 21 |
| File Format | |
| ISSN | 14312174 |
| Journal | Hydrogeology Journal |
| Volume Number | 23 |
| Issue Number | 4 |
| e-ISSN | 14350157 |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Publisher | Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
| Publisher Date | 2015-02-03 |
| Publisher Institution | International Association of Hydrogeologists |
| Publisher Place | Berlin, Heidelberg |
| Access Restriction | One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) |
| Subject Keyword | Hydrochemistry Shale gas Water supply Methane Canada Hydrogeology Hydrology/Water Resources Geology Water Quality/Water Pollution Geophysics/Geodesy Waste Water Technology Water Pollution Control Water Management Aquatic Pollution |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Earth and Planetary Sciences Water Science and Technology |
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