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| Content Provider | Springer Nature Link |
|---|---|
| Author | Plummer, L. N. Eggleston, J. R. Andreasen, D. C. Raffensperger, J. P. Hunt, A. G. Casile, G. C. |
| Copyright Year | 2012 |
| Abstract | Apparent groundwater ages along two flow paths in the upper Patapsco aquifer of the Maryland Atlantic Coastal Plain, USA, were estimated using $^{14}$C, $^{36}$Cl and $^{4}$He data. Most of the ages range from modern to about 500 ka, with one sample at 117 km downgradient from the recharge area dated by radiogenic $^{4}$He accumulation at more than one Ma. Last glacial maximum (LGM) water was located about 20 km downgradient on the northern flow path, where the radiocarbon age was 21.5 ka, paleorecharge temperatures were 0.5–1.5 °C (a maximum cooling of about 12 °C relative to the modern mean annual temperature of 13 °C), and Cl$^{–}$, Cl/Br, and stable isotopes of water were minimum. Low recharge temperatures (typically 5–7 °C) indicate that recharge occurred predominantly during glacial periods when coastal heads were lowest due to low sea-level stand. Flow velocities averaged about 1.0 m a$^{–1}$ in upgradient parts of the upper Patapsco aquifer and decreased from 0.13 to 0.04 m a$^{–1}$ at 40 and 80 km further downgradient, respectively. This study demonstrates that most water in the upper Patapsco aquifer is non-renewable on human timescales under natural gradients, thus highlighting the importance of effective water-supply management to prolong the resource.Les âges apparents des eaux souterraines le long de deux lignes d’écoulement dans l’aquifère supérieur de Patapsco de la plaine atlantique côtière du Maryland (Etats-Unis d’Amérique) ont été estimés à partir des données du $^{14}$C, $^{36}$Cl et de l’ $^{4}$He. La plupart des âges sont compris entre un âge récent contemporain et environ 500 mille ans, avec un échantillon situé à 117 km à l’aval de la zone de recharge daté à partir de l’accumulation radiogénique de l’$^{4}$He de plus d’un million d’années. L’eau du dernier maximum glaciaire (DMG) est localisée à environ 20 km à l’aval de l’écoulement septentrional ; l’âge (déterminé à l’aide du) carbone radioactif est de 21.5 mille ans, les températures de paléorecharge étant comprises entre 0.5 et 1.5 °C (un refroidissement maximum d’environ 12 °C par rapport à la température moyenne annuelle actuelle de 13 °C) , et les concentrations en Cl$^{–}$, Cl/Br et des isotopes stables de l’eau à leur minimum. Les faibles températures de recharge (typiquement entre 5 et 7 °C) indiquent que la recharge a pris place de manière prédominante pendant les périodes glaciaires lorsque les charges hydrauliques côtières étaient les plus basses à cause d’un niveau marin bas. Les vitesses d’écoulement étaient en moyenne d’environ 1 m/an dans les secteurs amont de l’aquifère supérieur du Patapsco et diminuaient de 0.13 jusqu’à 0.04 m a$^{–1}$ à 40 et 80 km dans les parties situées à l’aval hydraulique, respectivement. Cette étude montre que la plupart des eaux souterraines de l’aquifère supérieur du Patapsco n’est pas renouvelable à l’échelle des temps humains pour des gradients hydrauliques naturels et met ainsi en évidence l’importance d’une gestion efficace de l’aquifère pour l’alimentation en eau potable pour assurer la pérennité de la ressource.Se estimaron las edades aparentes de agua subterránea a lo largo de dos trayectorias de flujo en el acuífero del Patapsco superior de la planicie costera Atlántica de Maryland, EEUU, usando datos de $^{14}$C, $^{36}$Cl y $^{4}$He. La mayor parte de la oscilación de edades a partir del moderno a unos 500 ka, con una muestra a los 117 km gradiente abajo del área de recarga datada por la acumulación de $^{4}$He radiogénico en más de 1 Ma. El agua del último máximo glacial (LGM) fue localizada 20 km gradiente abajo en la trayectoria norte de flujo, donde la edad de radiocarbono fue 21.5 ka, las temperaturas de paleorecarga fueron 0.5–1.5 °C (un enfriamiento máximo de cerca de 12 °C con relación a la temperatura media anual moderna de 13 °C), y Cl$^{–}$, Cl/Br, y los isótopos estables de agua fueron mínimos. Las bajas temperaturas de recarga (típicamente 5–7 °C) indican que la recarga ocurrió predominantemente durante los períodos glaciales cuando los promontorios costeros eran más bajos debido a un nivel bajo del mar. Las velocidades de flujo promediaron alrededor de 1.0 m a$^{–1}$ en las partes gradiente arriba del acuífero Patapsco superior y decrecieron de 0.13 a 0.04 m a$^{–1}$ a 40 y 80 km gradiente abajo respectivamente. Este estudio demuestra que la mayor parte del agua en el acuífero del Patapsco superior es no renovable en escalas de tiempo humano bajo gradientes naturales, resaltando así la importancia del manejo efectivo del abastecimiento de agua para prolongar el recurso.利用$^{14}$C,$^{36}$Cl和$^{4}$He数据估算得到美国马里兰州大西洋滨海平原的Patapsco上段含水层中沿着两条路径运动的地下水的表观年龄。大部分样品的年龄范围为从现代到大约50万年,另外有一个取自由补给区沿水力梯度向下游117km处的样品,用放射性4He的积累的定年方法确定它的年龄为大于100万年。末次盛冰期的地下水位于北部流径沿水力梯度向下游约20km处,它的放射性碳年龄为21500年,古补给温度为0.5 ∼ 1.5 °C(相对于现代年平均温度13 °C最多降低了12 °C),地下水的Cl$^{–}$、Cl/Br和稳定同位素为最低值。低补给温度(通常为5 ∼ 7 °C)表明补给主要发生在冰期,此时由于海平面很低导致沿海的地下水水头达到最低。在Patasco上段含水层的上游地区,地下水流速大约为1m/a,分别由沿着水力梯度向下游40km处的0.13 m a$^{–1}$降低为80km处的0.04 m a$^{–1}$。这项研究证明,在人类的时间尺度下,Patapsco上段含水层中的大部分地下水在自然梯度下是不可更新的,这强调了有效的供水管理在延长资源的使用时间方面的重要性。As idades aparentes da água subterrânea ao longo de duas linhas de fluxo do aquífero superior de Patapsco, na Planície Costeira Atlântica de Maryland, EUA, foram estimadas, usando dados de $^{14}$C, $^{36}$Cl e $^{4}$He. A maioria das idades varia de moderno a 500 ka, com uma amostra a 117 km a jusante da área de recarga datada através da acumulação de $^{4}$He radiogénico, com mais de um Ma. No Último Máximo Glaciar (LGM), a água localizava-se a cerca de 20 km a jusante na linha de fluxo mais a norte, onde a idade de radiocarbono é de 21.5 ka, com temperaturas de paleorrecarga de 0.5–1.5 °C (um arrefecimento máximo de cerca de 12 °C em relação à temperatura média anual moderna de 13 °C), e o Cl$^{–}$, Cl/Br e os isótopos estáveis da água são mínimos. As baixas temperaturas de recarga (tipicamente de 5–7 °C) indicam que a recarga ocorreu predominantemente durante períodos glaciares, quando os potenciais hidráulicos costeiros eram os mais baixos, devido ao posicionamento baixo do nível médio do mar. As velocidades médias de fluxo são cerca de 1.0 m a$^{–1}$ nas zonas mais a montante do aquífero superior de Patapsco e diminuem de 0.13 m a$^{–1}$ para 0.04 m a$^{–1}$ a 40 e 80 km mais a jusante, respetivamente. Este estudo demonstra que, em condições de gradiente natural, a maioria da água no aquífero superior de Patapsco é não renovável à escala de tempo humana, o que realça a importância de uma gestão eficiente do abastecimento de água, de modo a promover a continuidade deste recurso. |
| Starting Page | 1269 |
| Ending Page | 1294 |
| Page Count | 26 |
| File Format | |
| ISSN | 14312174 |
| Journal | Hydrogeology Journal |
| Volume Number | 20 |
| Issue Number | 7 |
| e-ISSN | 14350157 |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Publisher | Springer-Verlag |
| Publisher Date | 2012-06-07 |
| Publisher Institution | International Association of Hydrogeologists |
| Publisher Place | Berlin, Heidelberg |
| Access Restriction | One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) |
| Subject Keyword | Coastal aquifers Groundwater age Radioactive isotopes Atlantic Coastal Plain USA Geology Waste Water Technology Water Pollution Control Water Management Aquatic Pollution Hydrogeology |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Earth and Planetary Sciences Water Science and Technology |
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