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| Content Provider | Springer Nature Link |
|---|---|
| Author | Edmunds, W. Tyler, S. |
| Copyright Year | 2002 |
| Abstract | Natural chemical and isotopic tracers contained in unsaturated-zone moisture profiles are being developed as potential new archives for reconstructing recharge history, as well as palaeoclimatic or palaeobotanical conditions over time scales ranging from 20–120,000 years. Results worldwide to date are reviewed, and examples from northern Africa and the western USA are discussed in detail. Encouraging results are obtained from relatively homogeneous deposits such as Quaternary dune sands, where Cl profiles are compared both with the instrumental record, such as rainfall and river-gauging records, and $^{3}$H profiles. Model studies have helped to define the persistence time of unsaturated-zone signals, where evidence of a 20-year event such as the Sahel drought may persist for 1,000 years.Significant questions remain regarding the assumptions used in interpreting profiles, particularly the extent to which preferential flow may occur, transient flow phenomena, and stability of tracer-input function. Unsaturated zones that exhibit strong preferential flow are probably unsuitable as archives. Questions remain also on the assumption that flow remains downward, especially in deep unsaturated zones where non-isothermal vapour transport may occur. Estimation of depositional flux for Cl and other parameters is probably the greatest source of uncertainty, both at the spatial scale and also in the long term. Advances are being made in all areas, however, and the use of multiple tracers (chemical, especially Cl and NO$_{3}$) and isotopic signals (δ$^{18}$O, δ$^{2}$H, $^{36}$Cl), together with soil hydraulic properties, is promising for palaeohydrological reconstruction. Les traceurs naturels chimiques et isotopiques présents dans les profils d'humidité de la zone non saturée sont en train d'être considérés comme de nouvelles archives potentielles permettant de reconstruire l'histoire de la recharge, ainsi que les conditions paléo-climatiques ou paléo-botaniques, pour la période comprise entre 20 et 120.000 ans. Les résultats couvrant tout le globe sont passés en revue et des exemples provenant d'Afrique du nord et de l'ouest des États-Unis sont discutés en détail. Des résultats encourageants sont obtenus à partir de dépôts relativement homogènes, comme les sables de dunes du Quaternaire, où les profils de chlorures sont comparés aux enregistrements de précipitations et de débits de rivières et aux profils de tritium. Les études au moyen de modèles ont aidé à définir la durée de persistance des signaux dans la zone non saturée, où un événement d'une durée de 20 ans, comme la sécheresse au Sahel, peut persister pendant 1.000 ans.Il reste des questions importantes concernant les hypothèses utilisées pour interpréter les profils, en particulier sur l'étendue sur laquelle l'écoulement préférentiel se produit, sur les phénomènes d'écoulement transitoire et sur la stabilité de la fonction d'entrée du traceur. Les zones non saturées qui sont soumises à un fort écoulement préférentiel ne constituent probablement pas des archives convenables. Il reste également des questions concernant l'hypothèse selon laquelle l'écoulement reste orienté vers le bas, particulièrement dans les zones non saturées profondes où peut se produire un transport de vapeur non isotherme. L'estimation du flux de dépôt des chlorures et d'autres paramètres est probablement la plus grande source d'incertitude, à la fois dans l'espace et sur le long terme. Des avancées sont toutefois en cours partout, et le recours aux traceurs multiples chimiques (en particulier Cl et NO$_{3}$) et isotopiques (δ$^{18}$O, δ$^{2}$H, $^{36}$Cl), en même temps qu'aux propriétés hydrauliques des sols, est prometteuse pour une reconstruction paléo-hydrologique. Los trazadores químicos e isotópicos naturales existentes en perfiles de humedad de la zona no saturada están siendo desarrollados como nuevos archivos potenciales que permitan reconstruir la historia de la recarga, junto con las condiciones paleoclimáticas o paleobotánicas en escalas temporales comprendidas entre 20 y 120,000 años. El artículo revisa los resultados disponibles a escala mundial, discutiendo con detalle ejemplos del norte de África y del oeste de Estados Unidos. Se puede lograr resultados prometedores en depósitos homogéneos – del tipo de dunas de arena cuaternarias – donde los perfiles de cloruro son comparados con registros instrumentales, tales como la precipitación y datos de aforos de caudal superficial, y con perfiles de tritio. Los modelos han ayudado a definir el tiempo de persistencia de las señales en la zona no saturada, donde se puede llegar a tener evidencias de eventos de 20 años de duración (como la sequía de Sahel) con una persistencia del orden de 1,000 años.Todavía hay incógnitas notables en relación con las hipótesis utilizadas en la interpretación de los perfiles; en particular, sobre la importancia del flujo preferente, los fenómenos de flujo transitorio y la estabilidad de la función de entrada del trazador. Una zona no saturada con flujo preferente dominante es probablemente inadecuada como registro de este tipo. También es cuestionable la hipótesis de flujo vertical, máxime cuando el espesor de la zona no saturada es grande y se puede tener transporte no isotermo de vapor. La estimación de la aportación de cloruro y de otros parámetros representa probablemente la mayor fuente de incertidumbre, tanto en a escala espacial como a largo plazo. En todo caso, se está avanzando en todos los ámbitos del tema, y el uso de trazadores simultáneos (químicos, sobre todo cloruro y nitratos) y de señales isotópicas (δ$^{18}$O, δ$^{2}$H, $^{36}$Cl), junto con las propiedades hidráulicas del suelo, es prometedor para los estudios de reconstrucción paleo-hidrológica. |
| Starting Page | 216 |
| Ending Page | 228 |
| Page Count | 13 |
| File Format | |
| ISSN | 14312174 |
| Journal | Hydrogeology Journal |
| Volume Number | 10 |
| Issue Number | 1 |
| e-ISSN | 14350157 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Springer-Verlag |
| Publisher Date | 2002-01-17 |
| Publisher Institution | International Association of Hydrogeologists |
| Publisher Place | Berlin, Heidelberg |
| Access Restriction | One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) |
| Subject Keyword | Hydrogeology Hydrology/Water Resources Geology Waste Water Technology Water Pollution Control Water Management Aquatic Pollution |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Earth and Planetary Sciences Water Science and Technology |
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