NDLI: Cone morphologies associated with shallow marine eruptions: east Pico Island, Azores

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Mitchell, Neil C. Stretch, Rachelle Oppenheimer, Clive Kay, Daniel Beier, Christoph
Copyright Year	2012
Abstract	Eruptions in shallow water typically produce cones of volcaniclastic material. In order to identify any systematic effects of water depth and other environmental parameters on cone morphology, we have measured the heights and widths of cones in multibeam echo-sounder data from a submarine ridge extending southeast from Pico Island, Azores. XRF analyses of dredged samples show that lavas here vary compositionally from alkali basalt to trachybasalt and trachyandesite. Cones in deeper water are generally steep-sided with upper flanks close to 30°, the dip of talus at the angle of repose. However, height/width ratios of cones vary more in shallow water (200–400-m summit depth) with extreme values below 0.1; while some shallow-water cones are steep-sided as in deep water, others are much flatter. Three such cones lie on a bench at 300-m depth immediately east of Pico Island and have flank slopes of only 10–20°. We speculate that exceptionally shallow cone slopes here were produced by forced spreading of the erupting columns on reaching the water–air density barrier.
Starting Page	2289
Ending Page	2301
Page Count	13
File Format	PDF
ISSN	02588900
Journal	Bulletin of Volcanology
Volume Number	74
Issue Number	10
e-ISSN	14320819
Language	English
Publisher	Springer-Verlag
Publisher Date	2012-09-27
Publisher Place	Berlin/Heidelberg
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Cone morphologies Shallow marine eruptions Pico Island Volcaniclastic material Geophysics/Geodesy Sedimentology Mineralogy Geology
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Geochemistry and Petrology

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