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Seasonal variability of endotoxin in ambient fine particulate matter

Content Provider	Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Author	Gehring, Ulrike Heinrich, Joachim Bischof, Wolfgang Cyrys, Josef Carty, Cara L.
Copyright Year	2003
Abstract	Endotoxin is a toxic, pro-inflammatory compound that has been detected in indoor air and dust in homes and occupational settings, and also in outdoor air. Data on the outdoor sampling of endotoxin are limited. Currently, little is known about the seasonal variation and influence of temperature on outdoor endotoxin levels. In the present study, we report endotoxin levels in fine fraction particulate matter with a 50% aerodynamic cutoff diameter of 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and describe the seasonal variation of endotoxin in Munich, Germany. In 1999–2000, PM2.5 was collected at forty outdoor monitoring sites across Munich. Approximately four samples were collected at each site for a total of 158 samples. Endotoxin concentrations in the PM2.5 samples were determined using the kinetic chromogenic Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) assay. The geometric mean endotoxin concentration was 1.07 EU mg PM2.5−1 (95% C.I.: 0.915–1.251) or 0.015 EU m−3 of sampled air (95% C.I.: 0.013–0.018). Munich endotoxin levels were significantly related to ambient temperature (p < 0.0001) and percent relative humidity (p < 0.0001). Sampling periods with higher average temperatures yielded higher levels of endotoxin in PM2.5 (r = 0.641), whereas decreases in percent relative humidity were associated with increased endotoxin levels in PM2.5 (r = −0.388). Endotoxin levels were significantly higher during the warmer seasons of spring [means ratio (MR): 2.5–2.7] and summer (MR: 2.1–3.0) than during winter. Although temperature and relative humidity do not explain all of the variability in endotoxin levels, their effects were significant in our data set. Temperature effects and seasonal variation of endotoxin should be considered in future studies of outdoor endotoxin.
Starting Page	953
Ending Page	958
Page Count	6
File Format	HTM / HTML PDF
ISSN	14640325
Volume Number	5
Issue Number	6
Journal	Journal of Environmental Monitoring
DOI	10.1039/b308488d
Language	English
Publisher	Royal Society of Chemistry
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	EU Munich Germany Lipopolysaccharide Particulates Micrometre 2000 Coppa Italia Final Chromogenic Limulus amebocyte lysate Relative humidity Magnetic resonance imaging
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law

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