NDLI: Piezochromism and hydrochromism through electron transfer: new stories for viologen materials

Content Provider	Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Author	Zou, Bo Gong, Teng Dai, Yu-Xiang Ren, Xiang-Ting Wang, Lin Sui, Qi Wang, Kai Li, Wen-Tao Fang, Jia-Jia Gao, En-Qing
Copyright Year	2017
Abstract	While viologen derivatives have long been known for electrochromism and photochromism, here we demonstrated that a viologen-carboxylate zwitterionic molecule in the crystalline state exhibits piezochromic and hydrochromic behaviors. The yellow crystal undergoes a reversible color change to red under high pressure, to green after decompression, and finally back to yellow upon standing at ambient pressure. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance X-ray diffraction and DFT calculations suggested that the piezochromism is due to the formation of radicals via pressure-induced electron transfer from carboxylate to pyridinium, without a crystallographic phase transition. It was proposed that electron transfer is induced by pressure-forced reduction of intermolecular donor–acceptor contacts. The electron transfer can also be induced by dehydration, which gives a stable green anhydrous radical phase. The color change is reversible upon reabsorption of water, which triggers reverse electron transfer. The compound not only demonstrates new chromic phenomena for viologen compounds, but also represents the first example of organic mechanochromism and hydrochromism associated with radical formation via electron transfer.
Starting Page	2758
Ending Page	2768
Page Count	11
File Format	HTM / HTML PDF
ISSN	20416520
Volume Number	8
Issue Number	4
Journal	Chemical Science
DOI	10.1039/c6sc04579k
Language	English
Publisher	Royal Society of Chemistry
Access Restriction	Subscribed
Subject Keyword	X-ray crystallography Viologen Ultraviolet\u2013visible spectroscopy Photochromism Pyridinium Chromium Electrochromism Photoemission spectroscopy Electron paramagnetic resonance Dehydration reaction X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Phase transition
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Chemistry

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