NDLI: An analytical evaluation of the factor $k^{2}$ for protective conductors

Content Provider	IEEE Xplore Digital Library
Author	Mitolo, M. Tartaglia, M.
Copyright Year	2011
Description	Author affiliation: Dipartimento Ingegneria Elettrica, Politecnico di Torino, corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 (Italy) (Tartaglia, M.) \|\| Electrical Department of Chu & Gassman, 559 Union Ave., Middlesex NJ, 08846, USA (Mitolo, M.)
Abstract	At the occurrence of phase-to-ground faults, abnormal levels of thermal energy $I^{2}t,$ due to the Joule effect, will be developed during the clearing time that protective devices take to operate. The $I^{2}t,$ also referred to as specific energy or Joule Integral, is accumulated within the elements forming the fault-loop, such as the protective conductors (also referred to as equipment grounding conductors), responsible to return ground-fault currents to the source. As a consequence, the temperature of these conductors elevates and may exceed, in the case of an incorrect design, the maximum value that their insulation can withstand. This dangerous situation can cause the failure of the conductor insulation and/or trigger fires in neighboring materials. The maximum $I^{2}t$ that protective conductors can endure is, therefore, crucial in order to guarantee the electrical safety. The parameters on which the maximum $I^{2}t$ depends are described by the factor $k^{2},$ which will be herein discussed and analytically evaluated. The intention of the authors is to provide a theoretical support to the Power Systems Grounding Working Group of the Technical Books Coordinating Committee IEEE P3003.2 “Recommended Practice for Equipment Grounding and Bonding in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems”; the working group is currently elaborating a dot standard based on the IEEE standard 142-2007, also referred to as the Green Book. To this purpose, a comparison with existing formulae, currently present in codes, standards of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) and of the IEEE, as well as in literature, will be also presented.
Starting Page	1
Ending Page	8
File Size	851735
Page Count	8
File Format	PDF
ISBN	9781424494989
ISSN	01972618
e-ISBN	9781424495009
DOI	10.1109/IAS.2011.6074413
Language	English
Publisher	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Publisher Date	2011-10-09
Publisher Place	USA
Access Restriction	Subscribed
Rights Holder	Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Subject Keyword	Fault duration Aluminum Protective device Adiabatic Conductors $I^{2}t$ Steel Cables Ground-Faults Protective conductor Joule Integral Copper Rubber Ampacity Equipment Grounding Conductor
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering Control and Systems Engineering Electrical and Electronic Engineering

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