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Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and cellular immune response in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis.
| Content Provider | Europe PMC |
|---|---|
| Author | Nozuma, Satoshi Kubota, Ryuji Jacobson, Steven |
| Abstract | Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is associated with adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). HAM/TSP is an inflammatory disease of the spinal cord and clinically characterized by progressive spastic paraparesis, urinary incontinence, and mild sensory disturbance. The interaction between the host immune response and HTLV-1-infected cells regulates the development of HAM/TSP. HTLV-1 preferentially infects CD4+ T cells and is maintained by proliferation of the infected T cells. HTLV-1-infected cells rarely express viral antigens in vivo; however, they easily express the antigens after short-term culture. Therefore, such virus-expressing cells may lead to activation and expansion of antigen-specific T cell responses. Infected T cells with HTLV-1 and HTLV-1-specific CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes invade the central nervous system and produce various proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, leading to neuronal damage and degeneration. Therefore, cellular immune responses to HTLV-1 have been considered to play important roles in disease development of HAM/TSP. Recent studies have clarified the viral strategy for persistence in the host through genetic and epigenetic changes by HTLV-1 and host immune responses including T cell function and differentiation. Newly developed animal models could provide the opportunity to uncover the precise pathogenesis and development of clinically effective treatment. Several molecular target drugs are undergoing clinical trials with promising efficacy. In this review, we summarize recent advances in the immunopathogenesis of HAM/TSP and discuss the perspectives of the research on this disease. |
| Related Links | https://europepmc.org/backend/ptpmcrender.fcgi?accid=PMC7532128&blobtype=pdf |
| ISSN | 13550284 |
| Journal | Journal of Neurovirology [J Neurovirol] |
| Volume Number | 26 |
| DOI | 10.1007/s13365-020-00881-w |
| PubMed Central reference number | PMC7532128 |
| Issue Number | 5 |
| PubMed reference number | 32705480 |
| e-ISSN | 15382443 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Springer International Publishing |
| Publisher Date | 2020-07-23 |
| Publisher Place | Gewerbestrasse 11, Cham, Ch 6330, Switzerland |
| Access Restriction | Open |
| Rights License | Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. © The Author(s) 2020 |
| Subject Keyword | HTLV-1 HAM/TSP Neurological disorders Immunology Pathogenesis |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Neurology Virology Neurology (clinical) Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience |
