NDLI: Population analysis of heavy metal and biocide resistance genes in Salmonella enterica from human clinical cases in New Hampshire, United States

Content Provider	Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)
Author	Stephanie S. R. Souza Madison R. Turcotte Jinfeng Li Xinglu Zhang Kristin L. Wolfe Fengxiang Gao Christopher S. Benton Cheryl P. Andam
Abstract	Microbes frequently encounter heavy metals and other toxic compounds generated from natural biogeochemical processes and anthropogenic activities. Here, we analyzed the prevalence and association of genes conferring resistance to heavy metals, biocides, and antimicrobial compounds in 394 genome sequences of clinical human-derived S. enterica from New Hampshire, USA. The most prevalent was the gold operon (gesABC-golTSB), which was present in 99.2% of the genomes. In contrast, the other five heavy metal operons (arsenic, copper, mercury, silver, tellurite) were present in 0.76% (3/394)–5.58% (22/394) of the total population. The heavy metal operons and three biocide resistance genes were differentially distributed across 15 sequence types (STs) and 16 serotypes. The number of heavy metal operons and biocide resistance genes per genome was significantly associated with high number of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes per genome. Notable is the mercury operon which exhibited significant association with genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, cephalosporins, diaminopyrimidine, sulfonamide, and fosfomycin. The mercury operon was co-located with the AMR genes aac(3)-IV, ant(3”)-IIa, aph(3')-Ia, and aph(4)-Ia, CTX-M-65, dfrA14, sul1, and fosA3 genes within the same plasmid types. Lastly, we found evidence for negative selection of individual genes of each heavy metal operon and the biocide resistance genes (dN/dS < 1). Our study highlights the need for continued surveillance of S. enterica serotypes that carry those genes that confer resistance to heavy metals and biocides that are often associated with mobile AMR genes. The selective pressures imposed by heavy metals and biocides on S. enterica may contribute to the co-selection and spread of AMR in human infections.
e-ISSN	1664302X
DOI	10.3389/fmicb.2022.983083
Journal	Frontiers in Microbiology
Volume Number	13
Language	English
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Publisher Date	2022-10-01
Publisher Place	Switzerland
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	Microbiology Salmonella Enterica Population Genomics Heavy Metal Resistance Biocide Resistance Antimicrobial Resistance
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article

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