NDLI: Case Study on Management of a Pipeline Exhibiting Challenging Crack ILI Performance

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Volume 3: Operations, Monitoring and Maintenance; Materials and Joining

Volume 1: Pipelines and Facilities Integrity

Failure Along Spiral Welds in Gas Pipeline

Numerical Simulations of Burst of Corroded Pipes With Thermally Induced Compressive Axial Strain

Formulation and Experimental Validation of a New Erosion Flow Model

Applying Corrosion Growth Rates Derived From Repeat ILI Runs to Predict Future Severity

Effect of Crack Depth on Burst Strength of X70 Linepipe With Dent-Crack Defect

Relative Statistical Calibration of ILI Measurements

Assessment of In-Line Inspection Performance and Interpretation of Field Measurements for Characterization of Complex Dents

Findings From an Investigation of Hydrotest Protocols

Experimental Validation of a Finite-Element Model to Simulate an Impact on Pipeline due to Vehicles or Heavy Object Fall

The Development and Use of an Absolute Depth Size Specification in ILI-Based Crack Integrity Management of Pipelines

New Classification Approach for Dents With Metal Loss and Corrosion Along the Seam Weld

Thermal Response of Gas Pipeline Metal to Gas Decompression

Assessing the Benefits of Hydrotests for Pipelines With SCC History Post-Crack Detection ILI Runs

Probabilistic Assessment of Crack Detection ILI Effectiveness for Managing Stress Corrosion Cracking on Buried Pipelines

Susceptibility of Stress Corrosion Cracking in Liquid and Gas Pipelines: A Saudi Aramco Study Using Statistical Approaches

De Facto Hydrostatic Test Pressures: A Study in Double Stroking

Failure Pressure Ratios and Implied Reliability Levels for Corrosion Anomalies on Gas Transmission Pipelines

Pipeline Operator Perspective in Use of Hydrostatic Testing as an Integrity Management Tool

Material Properties and Flaw Characteristics of Vintage Girth Welds

Corrosion Growth and Remnant Life Assessment: How to Pick the Right Approach for Your Pipeline

Non-Linear Corrosion Growth: A More Appropriate and Accurate Model for Predicting Corrosion Growth Rate

Full-Scale Stress Corrosion Crack Growth Testing of an X70 Spiral-Welded Pipe in Near-Neutral pH Soil Environment

Probability-Based Sentencing Criteria for Volumetric In-Line Inspection Data

A Life-Cycle Approach to the Assessment of Pipeline Dents

The Effects of Pressure Fluctuations on Hydrogen Embrittlement in Pipeline Steels

Improvement of Pipeline Fatigue Life Estimation

Evaluation of Fatigue in Gas Pipelines

Development and Implementation of a Risk Based Prioritization Methodology for MAOP Reconfirmation of Gas Transmission Facilities

Development of Key Performance Indicator for Management of Under Deposit Corrosion (UDC)

Integrity of Buried Gas Pipeline Subjected to an Adjacent Pipe Rupture Event

Analysis of Pressure Test Failure Performance for Vintage Pipe

ILI-to-Field Data Comparisons: What Accuracy Can You Expect?

ILI to ILI Comparisons: Quantifying the Impact of Multiple Inspections

Study of a Plastic Strain Limit Damage Criterion for Pipeline Mechanical Damage Using FEA and Full-Scale Denting Tests

Girth Welds Integrity Evaluation on a Vintage Gas Pipeline

Making Integrity Decisions Using Metal Loss ILI Validation Process

A Study of Crack Interaction Criteria

Review of Engineering Fracture Mechanics Model for Pipeline Applications

Estimating J-R Curve From CVN Upper Shelf Energy and its Application

Integrity Assessment of Post-Peak-Moment Wrinkles

Finite Element Modeling and Quantification of Mechanical Damage Severity in Pipelines

A Review of Rules and Analysis Models for Interaction of LF-ERW Manufacturing Linear Features in Pipelines

Determining the Number of Excavations Required to Confirm the Presence or Absence of SCC on a Pipeline Following an SCCDA Process

Risk-Based Mitigation of Mechanical Damage

Reinforcement of Planar Defects in Low-Frequency ERW Long Seams Using Composite Reinforcing Materials

Full-Scale Elevated Temperature Testing of Composite Repairs in Bending and Compression

Finite Element Analysis of Composite Repairs With Full-Scale Validation Testing

Mitigation of Infilling Around Pipelines With Cyclic Lateral Deflections

Pipeline Failures Resulting From Interacting Integrity Threats

Restored Crossings: When and Where to Apply Stream Restoration Techniques to Protect Exposed Pipelines

Finite Element Analysis and Test Verification of Composite Repair Length on Corrosion Defects

Application of Load Sequence to Control Crack Growth in Steel Pipelines Under Near Neutral pH SCC

Identifying and Sizing Axial Seam Weld Flaws in ERW Pipe Seams and SCC in the Pipe Body Using Ultrasonic Imaging

Measuring Critical Strains in Dent Defect of Oil and Gas Pipes

Hydrotesting and In-Line Inspection: Now and in the Future

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Optimized Methods of Recording Pipeline Pressure Fluctuations for Pipeline Integrity Analysis

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Pipeline In-Line Inspection Enhancement Opportunities

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Continuous Depth Sizing of ILI Ultrasonic Crack Detection

Graded EMAT Performance Specification Validated in Blind Test

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Detection of Crack Initiation Based on Repeat In-Line Inspection

Improved Pipeline Integrity Management by Using Multiple ILI Technologies

Identification of Repair Coatings on Pipelines Using In-Line Inspection Technologies

Case Study on Management of a Pipeline Exhibiting Challenging Crack ILI Performance

A Finite Element Procedure to Model the Effect of Hydrostatic Testing on Subsequent Fatigue Crack Growth

Hydrostatic Pressure Testing as Part of an Integrity Management Program: A Case Study

A Study of Crack Detection Ultrasonic Attributes to Manage Leak Threats Associated With Short Crack-Like Flaws in ERW Pipelines

Casing and Inserted Pipe Inspection Program on the San Francisco Peninsula Using Robotic ILI

The Benefits of Accurate ILI Performance on Pipeline Integrity Programs for Axial Crack and Metal Loss Corrosion Threats

Update of Understanding of Near-Neutral pH SCC Crack Growth Mechanisms and Development of Pipe-Online Software for Pipeline Integrity Management

The Use of Hydrotesting and EMAT Inline Inspection Technology for the Integrity Management of Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) in Gas Pipelines

Evaluating Pipeline Ovality Acceptability Criteria for Straight Pipe Sections

Development of the UKOPA Strategy for the Management of Ageing Pipelines

Experimental and Numerical Investigation Into the Behavior of Buried Steel Pipelines Under Strike-Slip Fault Movement

Review of Phase II for the Comprehensive Study to Understand Longitudinal ERW Seam Failures

Development Towards a Novel Approach for Assessment of Corroded Pipe

Full-Bore Pipeline Rupture as ‘Transient Fanno’ Flow

Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) Integrity Management Plans for Onshore Liquid and Gas Pipelines: Saudi Aramco Comprehensive Study

What Do Pipelines and Airplanes Have in Common?

Evaluating Dents With Metal Loss Using Finite Element Analysis

Integrity Management of Ground Movement Hazards

Improved Pipeline Dent Integrity Management

Longitudinal Stress Limits in Managing Spans and Other Longitudinal Loads

Advanced Integrity Management Framework for Pipelines

Retarding Crack Growth by Static Pressure Hold for Pipeline Steel Exposed to a Near-Neutral pH Environment

AIV and FIV in Pipelines, Plants, and Facilities

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Case Study on Management of a Pipeline Exhibiting Challenging Crack ILI Performance

Content Provider	The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Digital Collection
Author	Sen, Millan Bott, Steven Kulhawy, Amanda Akonko, Saheed
Copyright Year	2016
Abstract	This case study describes the crack management program for a pipeline that is NPS26, 7.1 mm wall thickness, Grade X52, flash welded and was constructed from 1954–1957. It transports light crude oil, and experiences pressure cycling though start-stop operations. Excavations have revealed that the pipeline’s flash welded seam contains a variety of manufacturing anomalies. While the majority of these anomalies are benign and stable, some exhibit the potential to grow due to the pressure cycling of the line. Furthermore, in 2010, the pipeline experienced a rupture and leak that were caused by cracks in the longitudinal seam weld. Correspondingly, the cracking threat has been actively managed using in-line inspection (ILI), excavation, and repair programs. The most recent ILI runs were conducted with ultrasonic crack detection (USCD / UTCD) and ultrasonic phased array crack detection (DUO) tools in 2009, 2012 and 2013. As a part of these ILIs, a comprehensive excavation program comprised of over 300 excavations was conducted to validate the ILI data and mitigate the cracking threat. Unity plots comparing the measurements from each excavated ILI feature with the corresponding field Non-Destructive Examination (NDE) measurements were evaluated to support quantification of the Probabilities of Identification, Detection, and Sizing for these inspections. The results revealed that the ILI results were not repeatable when comparing the data from the three inspections, and not meeting target specifications. Furthermore, advanced analysis was completed to combine the data and evaluate the tool performance reliability for the pipeline. The results showed that the crack ILI tools were not achieving the required reliability targets for the pipeline. Considering that ILI is often successfully used to support the crack management of pipelines for the vast majority of conditions, the 2010 failures were investigated to determine the causes for the unacceptable ILI performance. The investigation revealed that the distinct peaking, misalignments, and pipe mill grinding associated with the pipelines flash weld, caused challenges for the tool’s detection and sizing capabilities. Therefore in order to ensure the safety of this pipeline, mitigation in addition to crack ILI programs was deemed to be required. Some options included operating at a reduced pressure, hydrostatic testing, or pipeline replacement. Hydrostatic testing was selected as the preferred option for implementation. This was successfully completed in October 2015 and there were no leaks or ruptures that occurred during the hydrostatic testing. This demonstrated that the pre-test excavation programs, which targeted features exhibiting burst pressures below that of the hydrotest pressure, had mitigated the cracking threat on the pipeline. The results of the reliability analysis showed that the uncertainties associated with the ILI were higher than acceptable. However as there were no failures during the hydrotest the reliability analysis was conservative for this case in consideration that the pre-test excavation program was able to mitigate the cracking threat. Nonetheless, the process of reviewing and assessing the ILI-field comparisons and evaluating the ILI tool performance remains a critical component of crack ILI management. Conducting alternative mitigation to ILI for crack management, if required, also remains a critical component of crack ILI management. For this pipeline the cracking threat will be re-assessed within 5 years of the hydrostatic test to support continued safe and reliable operation.
Sponsorship	Pipeline Division
File Format	PDF
ISBN	9780791850251
DOI	10.1115/IPC2016-64552
Volume Number	Volume 1: Pipelines and Facilities Integrity
Conference Proceedings	2016 11th International Pipeline Conference
Language	English
Publisher Date	2016-09-26
Publisher Place	Calgary, Alberta, Canada
Access Restriction	Subscribed
Subject Keyword	Leakage Cracking (materials) Uncertainty Pipelines Rupture Inspection Event history analysis Probability Crack detection Fracture (materials) Maintenance Wall thickness Pressure Grinding Fracture (process) Nondestructive evaluation Crude oil Hydrostatic testing Manufacturing Safety Reliability Pipes Failure
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article

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