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| Content Provider | ACM Digital Library |
|---|---|
| Author | Shahidi, Narges Chishti, Zeshan A. Kotra, Jagadish B. Kandemir, Mahmut T. |
| Abstract | DRAM cells need periodic refresh to maintain data integrity. With high capacity DRAMs, DRAM refresh poses a significant performance bottleneck as the number of rows to be refreshed (and hence the refresh cycle time, tRFC) with each refresh command increases. Modern day DRAMs perform refresh at a rank-level, while LPDDRs used in mobile environments support refresh at a per-bank level. Rank-level refresh degrades the performance significantly since none of the banks in a rank can serve the on-demand requests. Per-bank refresh alleviates some of the performance bottlenecks as the other banks in a rank are available for on-demand requests. Typical DRAM retention time is in the order several of milliseconds, viz, 64msec for environments operating in temperatures below 85 deg C and 32msec for environments operating above 85 deg C. With systems moving towards increased consolidation (ex: virtualized environments), DRAM refresh becomes a significant bottleneck as it reduces the available overall DRAM bandwidth per task. In this work, we propose a hardware-software co-design to mitigate DRAM refresh overheads by exposing the hardware address mapping and DRAM refresh schedule to the Operating System. We propose a novel DRAM refresh-aware process scheduling algorithm in OS which schedules applications on cores such that none of the on-demand requests from the application are stalled by refreshes. Extensive evaluation of our proposed co-design on multi-programmed SPEC CPU2006 workloads show significant performance improvement compared to the previously proposed hardware only approaches. |
| Starting Page | 723 |
| Ending Page | 736 |
| Page Count | 14 |
| File Format | |
| ISSN | 03621340 15581160 |
| DOI | 10.1145/3093336.3037724 |
| Journal | ACM SIGPLAN Notices (SIGP) |
| Volume Number | 52 |
| Issue Number | 4 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) |
| Publisher Date | 1983-05-01 |
| Publisher Place | New York |
| Access Restriction | One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) |
| Subject Keyword | Dram refresh Hardware-software co-design Operating systems Task scheduling |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Computer Graphics and Computer-Aided Design Software |
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