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| Content Provider | World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus |
|---|---|
| Author | Happonen, Maiju Nenonen, Timo Ketola, Raimo A. Gergov, Merja Järvinen, Ari Vahala, Riku Vuori, Erkki |
| Spatial Coverage | Finland |
| Description | Author Affiliation: Vuori E ( Hjelt Institute, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 40, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. Electronic address: erkki.o.vuori@helsinki.fi.); Happonen M ( Aalto University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Espoo, Finland.); Gergov M ( Hjelt Institute, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 40, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.); Nenonen T ( Hjelt Institute, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 40, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.); Järvinen A ( Aalto University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Espoo, Finland.); Ketola RA ( Hjelt Institute, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 40, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.); Vahala R ( Aalto University, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Espoo, Finland.) |
| Abstract | Abused drug concentrations were determined in nine Finnish wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), representing the metropolitan area, university cities and rural towns. In an eight-day study period in August 2012, 24-hour composite influent wastewater samples were collected. Biological markers and census-based information were used to estimate the size of the population served. The analytical method included solid phase extraction, liquid chromatographic separation, tandem mass spectrometric identification, and quantification using isotope-labeled internal standards. The study covered amphetamines, cannabis and cocaine. The levels of some opioids used in treatment and their metabolites were also determined. Amphetamine was the most prevalent drug of abuse, the median loads varying between the cities from 4.16 to 29.6 mg/1000 inhabitants/d. In three western cities methamphetamine was detected in even higher amounts, ranging from 0.87 to 47.5mg/1000 inhabitants/d. Ecstasy (MDMA) and cocaine (as benzoylecgonine, BE) were found in higher concentrations during weekends compared to weekdays, the difference being statistically significant. The concentration of tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THCA) was below the limit of quantification in the two rural towns, while in the other cities the load varied between 3.77 and 20.7 mg/1000 inhabitants/d. The average variation in BE load was 0.05-6.82 and that of MDMA 0-20.6 mg/1000 inhabitants/d. While the metropolitan area showed the highest loads of abused drugs, the substances were continuously detected at all WWTPs included in the study. The median concentration of codeine ranged from 164 to 325 mg/1000 inhabitants/d and that of morphine from 18.8 to 31.5mg/1000 inhabitants/d. The methadone load was below the level of detection in two towns, and at the other locations were 1.22-9.46 mg/1000 inhabitants/d. The first metabolite of heroin, 6-monoacetylmorphine (6-MAM), was not detected at all. Although the method has limitations, wastewater analysis gives additional information for assessing the degree of drug abuse and range of drugs abused in a society. |
| ISSN | 00489697 |
| Volume Number | 487 |
| e-ISSN | 18791026 |
| Journal | Science of The Total Environment |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | Elsevier |
| Publisher Date | 2014-07-15 |
| Publisher Place | Netherlands |
| Access Restriction | One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) |
| Subject Keyword | Analgesics, Opioid Analysis Street Drugs Waste Water Chemistry Water Pollutants, Chemical Finland Humans Substance Abuse Detection Methods Substance-related Disorders Epidemiology Waste Disposal, Fluid Statistics & Numerical Data Water Pollution, Chemical Journal Article Research Support, Non-u.s. Gov't Discipline Environmental Science |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Environmental Chemistry Waste Management and Disposal Pollution Environmental Engineering |
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