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| Content Provider | World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus |
|---|---|
| Author | Nielsen, Mads Eggert Feechan, Angela Thordal-christensen, Hans Ueda, Takashi Böhlenius, Henrik |
| Description | Author Affiliation: Nielsen ME ( Department of Agriculture and Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark. maen@life.ku.dk); |
| Abstract | Penetration resistance to powdery mildew fungi, conferred by localized cell wall appositions (papillae), is one of the best-studied processes in plant innate immunity. The syntaxin PENETRATION (PEN)1 is required for timely appearance of papillae, which contain callose and extracellular membrane material, as well as PEN1 itself. Appearance of membrane material in papillae suggests secretion of exosomes. These are potentially derived from multivesicular bodies (MVBs), supported by our observation that ARA6-labeled organelles assemble at the fungal attack site. However, the trafficking components that mediate delivery of extracellular membrane material are unknown. Here, we show that the delivery is independent of PEN1 function. Instead, we find that application of brefeldin (BF)A blocks the papillary accumulation of GFP-PEN1-labeled extracellular membrane and callose, while impeding penetration resistance. We subsequently provide evidence indicating that the responsible BFA-sensitive ADP ribosylation factor-GTP exchange factor (ARF-GEF) is GNOM. Firstly, analysis of the transheterozygote gnom(B4049/emb30-1) (gnom(B)(/E)) mutant revealed a delay in papilla formation and reduced penetration resistance. Furthermore, a BFA-resistant version of GNOM restored the BFA-sensitive papillary accumulation of GFP-PEN1 and callose. Our data, therefore, provide a link between GNOM and disease resistance. We suggest that papilla formation requires rapid reorganization of material from the plasma membrane mediated by GNOM. The papilla material is subsequently presumed to be sorted into MVBs and directed to the site of fungal attack, rendering the epidermal plant cell inaccessible for the invading powdery mildew fungus. |
| ISSN | 00278424 |
| e-ISSN | 10916490 |
| Journal | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
| Issue Number | 28 |
| Volume Number | 109 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | National Academy of Sciences |
| Publisher Date | 2012-07-01 |
| Publisher Place | United States |
| Access Restriction | Open |
| Subject Keyword | Arabidopsis Proteins Metabolism Physiology Arabidopsis Genetics Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factors Qa-SNARE Proteins Biological Transport Brefeldin A Pharmacology Exosomes GTP Phosphohydrolases Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal Glucans Chemistry Heterozygote Immunity, Innate Microscopy, Confocal Microscopy, Fluorescence Models, Biological Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Multidisciplinary |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Multidisciplinary |
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