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| Content Provider | World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus |
|---|---|
| Author | Clark, Andrew G. Wang, Xu Werren, John H. |
| Description | Author Affiliation: Wang X ( Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853); Werren JH ( Department of Biology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627 ac347@cornell.edu jack.werren@rochester.edu.); Clark AG ( Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853); |
| Abstract | There is extraordinary diversity in sexual dimorphism (SD) among animals, but little is known about its epigenetic basis. To study the epigenetic architecture of SD in a haplodiploid system, we performed RNA-seq and whole-genome bisulfite sequencing of adult females and males from two closely related parasitoid wasps, Nasonia vitripennis and Nasonia giraulti. More than 75% of expressed genes displayed significantly sex-biased expression. As a consequence, expression profiles are more similar between species within each sex than between sexes within each species. Furthermore, extremely male- and female-biased genes are enriched for totally different functional categories: male-biased genes for key enzymes in sex-pheromone synthesis and female-biased genes for genes involved in epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Remarkably, just 70 highly expressed, extremely male-biased genes account for 10% of all transcripts in adult males. Unlike expression profiles, DNA methylomes are highly similar between sexes within species, with no consistent sex differences in methylation found. Therefore, methylation changes cannot explain the extensive level of sex-biased gene expression observed. Female-biased genes have smaller sequence divergence between species, higher conservation to other hymenopterans, and a broader expression range across development. Overall, female-biased genes have been recruited from genes with more conserved and broadly expressing 'house-keeping' functions, whereas male-biased genes are more recently evolved and are predominately testis specific. In summary, Nasonia accomplish a striking degree of sex-biased expression without sex chromosomes or epigenetic differences in methylation. We propose that methylation provides a general signal for constitutive gene expression, whereas other sex-specific signals cause sex-biased gene expression. |
| ISSN | 00278424 |
| e-ISSN | 10916490 |
| Journal | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |
| Issue Number | 27 |
| Volume Number | 112 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | National Academy of Sciences |
| Publisher Date | 2015-07-01 |
| Publisher Place | United States |
| Access Restriction | Open |
| Subject Keyword | DNA Methylation Epigenesis, Genetic Transcriptome Genetics Wasps Animals Chromosome Mapping Chromosomes, Insect Cluster Analysis Evolution, Molecular Genes, Insect Insect Proteins Classification Phylogeny Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Sex Factors Species Specificity Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Multidisciplinary |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Multidisciplinary |
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