NDLI: Rates of reinforcement and measures of compliance in free and protected contact elephant management systems.

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Rates of reinforcement and measures of compliance in free and protected contact elephant management systems.

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	Wilson, Megan L. Perdue, Bonnie M. Bloomsmith, Mollie A. Maple, Terry L.
Description	Country affiliation: Georgia Author Affiliation: Wilson ML ( Zoo Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia.); Perdue BM ( Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia.); Bloomsmith MA ( Agnes Scott College, Decatur, Georgia.); Maple TL ( Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia.)
Abstract	Protected contact is an alternative to traditional captive elephant training techniques that emerged as a result of concerns for animal welfare and personnel safety. The present study documented the behavior of elephants and their animal care professionals to determine rates of reinforcement and measures of compliance under two handling systems. Behavioral data were collected from animal care professionals and elephants during the elephants' baths in both free contact (FC) and protected contact (PC). Positive reinforcement, in the form of food, was delivered, on average, nearly eight times more frequently in the PC condition. Further, the mean rate at which the animal care professionals used the ankus in the FC condition as negative reinforcement was similar to the mean rate at which they provided positive reinforcement to the elephants in the FC condition. Latencies between verbal commands and the elephants' behaviors demonstrated an inconsistent pattern, but were generally longer in the PC condition. The mean percent of 'refusals' by the elephants was higher for most behaviors across elephants in the PC condition. The findings suggest that animal care professionals did not heavily rely on positive reinforcement in the FC condition to elicit desired behaviors from the elephants, but this was the case in the PC condition. We propose that longer latencies and higher mean percent of refusals by the elephants may indicate that they were exercising choice or control over their environment, which has been associated with improved well-being. Additional studies of this kind are needed to enable other institutions to make informed decisions about elephant management and welfare.
File Format	HTM / HTML
ISSN	07333188
Issue Number	5
Volume Number	34
e-ISSN	10982361
Journal	Zoo Biology
Language	English
Publisher	Wiley
Publisher Date	2015-09-01
Publisher Place	United States
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Discipline Zoology Animal Husbandry Methods Behavior, Animal Elephants Physiology Reinforcement (psychology) Animal Welfare Animals Animals, Zoo Female Humans Male Journal Article Research Support, Non-u.s. Gov't
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Medicine Animal Science and Zoology

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