NDLI: Inactivation of allergens and toxins.

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The past, present and future of crop genetic modification.

Intellectual property, commercial needs and humanitarian benefits: must there be a conflict?

The costly benefits of opposing agricultural biotechnology.

Genetic engineering compared to natural genetic variations.

Golden Rice and 'Golden' crops for human nutrition.

Economic impacts of policies affecting crop biotechnology and trade.

Knowledge and technologies for sustainable intensification of food production.

Epistemic brokerage in the bio-property narrative: contributions to explaining opposition to transgenic technologies in agriculture.

Experience from use of GMOs in Argentinian agriculture, economy and environment.

First generation biofuels compete.

Trade and commerce in improved crops and food: an essay on food security.

Inactivation of allergens and toxins.

The regulation of agricultural biotechnology: science shows a better way.

Genetically modified myths and realities.

Food safety risks and consumer health.

GMO foods and crops: Africa's choice.

Constraints to biotechnology introduction for poverty alleviation.

The private sector's role in public sector genetically engineered crop projects.

Benefits of genetically modified crops for the poor: household income, nutrition, and health.

Lessons from the 'Humanitarian Golden Rice' project: regulation prevents development of public good genetically engineered crop products.

Modifying agricultural crops for improved nutrition.

Does the use of transgenic plants diminish or promote biodiversity?

Needs for and environmental risks from transgenic crops in the developing world.

Do Russia and Eastern Europe need GM plants?

Support for international agricultural research: current status and future challenges.

Achieving food security in times of crisis.

Challenges and responsibilities for public sector scientists.

Ethical arguments relevant to the use of GM crops.

Today's molecular biological research.

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Inactivation of allergens and toxins.

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	Morandini, Piero
Description	Country affiliation: Italy Author Affiliation: Morandini P ( Dept. of Biology, University of Milan, and CNR, Institute of Biophysics, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milano, Italy. piero.morandini@unimi.it)
Abstract	Plants are replete with thousands of proteins and small molecules, many of which are species-specific, poisonous or dangerous. Over time humans have learned to avoid dangerous plants or inactivate many toxic components in food plants, but there is still room for ameliorating food crops (and plants in general) in terms of their allergens and toxins content, especially in their edible parts. Inactivation at the genetic rather than physical or chemical level has many advantages and classical genetic approaches have resulted in significant reduction of toxin content. The capacity, offered by genetic engineering, of turning off (inactivating) specific genes has opened up the possibility of altering the plant content in a far more precise manner than previously available. Different levels of intervention (genes coding for toxins/allergens or for enzymes, transporters or regulators involved in their metabolism) are possible and there are several tools for inactivating genes, both direct (using chemical and physical mutagens, insertion of transposons and other genetic elements) and indirect (antisense RNA, RNA interference, microRNA, eventually leading to gene silencing). Each level/strategy has specific advantages and disadvantages (speed, costs, selectivity, stability, reversibility, frequency of desired genotype and regulatory regime). Paradigmatic examples from classical and transgenic approaches are discussed to emphasize the need to revise the present regulatory process. Reducing the content of natural toxins is a trade-off process: the lesser the content of natural toxins, the higher the susceptibility of a plant to pests and therefore the stronger the need to protect plants. As a consequence, more specific pesticides like Bt are needed to substitute for general pesticides.
File Format	HTM / HTML
ISSN	18716784
Issue Number	5
Volume Number	27
e-ISSN	18764347
Journal	New Biotechnology
Language	English
Publisher	Elsevier
Publisher Date	2010-11-30
Publisher Place	Netherlands
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Discipline Biomedical Engineering Discipline Molecular Biology Allergens Immunology Plant Proteins Plants Chemistry Toxicity Toxins, Biological Genetics Animals Crops, Agricultural Food Safety Humans Mutation Plants, Genetically Modified Journal Article Review
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Medicine Molecular Biology Bioengineering Biotechnology

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