NDLI: Using pictograms to assist caregivers in liquid medication administration: a systematic review.

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	Chan, H. K. Hassali, M. A. Lim, C. J. Saleem, F. Tan, W. L.
Description	Country affiliation: Malaysia Author Affiliation: Chan HK ( Department of Pharmacy, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Kedah, Malaysia.)
Abstract	WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE: It has been reported that more than 80% of out-of-hospital medication errors among the young children involve liquid formulations. The usefulness of pictorial aids to improve communication of medication instructions has not been extensively investigated for child health. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of pictorial aids used to assist caregivers in the administration of liquid medications. METHODS: MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ScienceDirect, Scopus and the Cochrane Library were searched for articles published up to February 2015. Studies that used pictorial aids with liquid medications and measured at least one of the following outcomes were included: dosing accuracy, comprehension of medication instructions, recall of information and adherence of caregivers. Two authors independently selected studies, extracted data and assessed methodological quality of studies using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Five experimental studies (four hospital based and one community based) with a total of 962 participants were included. A wide range of liquid formulations were studied, including both prescription and over-the-counter medications. The existing findings suggest that pictographic interventions reduced dosing errors, enhanced comprehension and recall of medication instructions and improved adherence of caregivers. Incorporating pictorial aids into verbal medication counselling or text-based instructions was more beneficial than using the single approach alone. Mixed results were identified for the relationship between health literacy of caregivers and effectiveness of pictorial aids. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION: The evidence remains limited due to the small number of studies found and variations in methodological quality. This review suggests that pictorial aids might be potential interventions, but more high-quality studies are needed to support the routine use of any pictogram-based materials with liquid medications in the clinical settings.
File Format	HTM / HTML
ISSN	02694727
Issue Number	3
Volume Number	40
e-ISSN	13652710
Journal	Journal of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics
Language	English
Publisher	Wiley-Blackwell
Publisher Date	2015-06-01
Publisher Place	Great Britain (UK)
Access Restriction	Subscribed
Subject Keyword	Discipline Therapeutics Discipline Pharmacology Health Communication Methods Patient Education As Topic Pharmaceutical Preparations Administration & Dosage Audiovisual Aids Caregivers Comprehension Health Literacy Humans Journal Article Review
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Pharmacology Pharmacology (medical)

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