NDLI: Accumulation of ammonia and other potentially noxious gases on live export shipments from Australia to the Middle East.

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	Pines, M. K. Phillips, C. J. C.
Spatial Coverage	Middle East Australia
Description	Country affiliation: Australia Author Affiliation: Pines MK ( Centre for Animal Welfare and Ethics, School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, 4343, QLD, Australia.)
Abstract	Noxious gases on ships are irritant pollutants that have potential impacts on the comfort and health of both livestock and humans. Identification of environmental influences on the pollutants will assist live exporters to control them. Ammonia, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide, as well as wet and dry bulb temperature, dew point, air speed and depth of faeces that the sheep stood in, were measured on two ship voyages in which sheep were transported from Australia to the Middle East. Daily measurements were made at 20 measurement locations over 12 days. At four sites, the mean ammonia concentration for the voyage was above the recommended maximum limit for the live export industry (25 ppm). The mean ammonia concentrations at the remaining 16 sites were below 18 ppm and considered safe. High ammonia concentrations were localised and occurred particularly on closed decks, as well as at the front of the vessel and near the engine block on open decks. Ammonia concentration on the open decks was correlated with cumulative wind during the voyage, air speed, dew point, wet bulb temperature and faecal pad depth, and on the closed decks with dew point, and wet and dry bulb temperature. Hydrogen sulphide (<1.8 ppm) and carbon dioxide (<1900 ppm) concentrations were low and did not pose a risk to animal or human welfare or health. The results suggest that high ammonia concentrations occur in those parts of the ship where there is insufficient ventilation and/or high temperatures and humidity.
File Format	HTM / HTML
ISSN	14640325
Issue Number	10
Volume Number	13
e-ISSN	14640333
Journal	Journal of Environmental Monitoring
Language	English
Publisher	Royal Society of Chemistry
Publisher Date	2011-10-01
Publisher Place	Great Britain (UK)
Access Restriction	Subscribed
Subject Keyword	Discipline Environmental Health Air Pollutants Analysis Ammonia Animal Husbandry Statistics & Numerical Data Air Pollution Animals Atmosphere Chemistry Australia Environmental Monitoring Humans Middle East Risk Assessment Ships Ventilation Journal Article Research Support, Non-u.s. Gov't
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law

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