NDLI: Providing perspective for interpreting cardiovascular mortality risks associated with ozone exposures.

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Providing perspective for interpreting cardiovascular mortality risks associated with ozone exposures.

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	Petito Boyce, Catherine Goodman, Julie E. Sax, Sonja N. Loftus, Christine T.
Description	Author Affiliation: Petito Boyce C ( Gradient, 600 Stewart Street, Ste 1900, Seattle, WA 98101, USA. Electronic address: cpetitoboyce@gradientcorp.com.); Goodman JE ( Gradient, 20 University Road, Ste 5, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Electronic address: jgoodman@gradientcorp.com.); Sax SN ( Gradient, 20 University Road, Ste 5, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA. Electronic address: ssax@gradientcorp.com.); Loftus CT ( Gradient, 600 Stewart Street, Ste 1900, Seattle, WA 98101, USA. Electronic address: cloftus@gradientcorp.com.)
Abstract	When identifying standards for air pollutants based on uncertain evidence, both science and policy judgments play critical roles. Consequently, critical contextual factors are important for understanding the strengths, limitations, and appropriate interpretation of available science, and potential benefits of risk mitigation alternatives. These factors include the relative magnitude and certainty of the risks posed by various factors and the impacts of other risk factors on air pollutant epidemiology study findings. This commentary explores ozone's status as a risk factor for cardiovascular mortality in contrast with decades of strong and consistent evidence for other established risk factors. By comparison, the ozone evidence is less conclusive, more heterogeneous, and subject to substantial uncertainty; ozone's potential effects, if any, are small and challenging to discern. Moreover, the absence of a demonstrated causal relationship calls into question efforts to quantify cardiovascular mortality risks attributed to ozone exposures on a population level and highlights the need to explicitly acknowledge this uncertainty if such calculations are performed. These concerns are relevant for other similar policy contexts - where multiple established risk factors contribute to the health impact of interest; exposure-effect associations are relatively small, weak, and uncertain; and a causal relationship has not been clearly established.
File Format	HTM / HTML
ISSN	02732300
Issue Number	1
Volume Number	72
e-ISSN	10960295
Journal	Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
Language	English
Publisher	Elsevier
Publisher Date	2015-06-01
Publisher Place	Netherlands
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Discipline Pharmacology Air Pollutants Adverse Effects Cardiovascular Diseases Chemically Induced Mortality Cardiovascular System Drug Effects Environmental Exposure Ozone Air Pollution Humans Risk Assessment Risk Factors Journal Article Research Support, Non-u.s. Gov't
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Medicine Toxicology

Sl.	Authority	Responsibilities	Communication Details
1	Ministry of Education (GoI), Department of Higher Education	Sanctioning Authority	https://www.education.gov.in/ict-initiatives
2	Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	Host Institute of the Project: The host institute of the project is responsible for providing infrastructure support and hosting the project	https://www.iitkgp.ac.in
3	National Digital Library of India Office, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	The administrative and infrastructural headquarters of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in
4	Project PI / Joint PI	Principal Investigator and Joint Principal Investigators of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in Prof. Saswat Chakrabarti will be added soon
5	Website/Portal (Helpdesk)	Queries regarding NDLI and its services	support@ndl.gov.in
6	Contents and Copyright Issues	Queries related to content curation and copyright issues	content@ndl.gov.in
7	National Digital Library of India Club (NDLI Club)	Queries related to NDLI Club formation, support, user awareness program, seminar/symposium, collaboration, social media, promotion, and outreach	clubsupport@ndl.gov.in
8	Digital Preservation Centre (DPC)	Assistance with digitizing and archiving copyright-free printed books	dpc@ndl.gov.in
9	IDR Setup or Support	Queries related to establishment and support of Institutional Digital Repository (IDR) and IDR workshops	idr@ndl.gov.in

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