NDLI: Infrared spectroscopy detects changes in an amphibian cell line induced by fungicides: Comparison of single and mixture effects.

Content Provider	World Health Organization (WHO)-Global Index Medicus
Author	Strong, Rebecca J. Halsall, Crispin J. Jones, Kevin C. Shore, Richard F. Martin, Francis L.
Description	Country affiliation: United kingdom Author Affiliation: Strong RJ ( Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.); Halsall CJ ( Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK. Electronic address: c.halsall@lancaster.ac.uk.); Jones KC ( Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.); Shore RF ( Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.); Martin FL ( Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Bailrigg, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK)
Abstract	Amphibians are regarded as sensitive sentinels of environmental pollution due to their permeable skin and complex life cycle, which usually involves reproduction and development in the aquatic environment. Fungicides are widely applied agrochemicals and have been associated with developmental defects in amphibians; thus, it is important to determine chronic effects of environmentally-relevant concentrations of such contaminants in target cells. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy has been employed to signature the biological effects of environmental contaminants through extracting key features in IR spectra with chemometric methods. Herein, the Xenopus laevis (A6) cell line was exposed to low concentrations of carbendazim (a benzimidazole fungicide) or flusilazole (a triazole fungicide) either singly or as a binary mixture. Cells were then examined using attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform IR (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy coupled with multivariate analysis. Results indicate significant changes in the IR spectra of cells induced by both agents at all concentrations following single exposures, primarily in regions associated with protein and phospholipids. Distinct differences were apparent in the IR spectra of cells exposed to carbendazim and those exposed to flusilazole, suggesting different mechanisms of action. Exposure to binary mixtures of carbendazim and flusilazole also induced significant spectral alterations, again in regions associated with phospholipids and proteins, but also in regions associated with DNA and carbohydrates. Overall these findings demonstrate that IR spectroscopy is a sensitive technique for examining the effects of environmentally-relevant levels of fungicides at the cellular level. The combination of IR spectroscopy with the A6 cell line could serve as a useful model to identify agents that might threaten amphibian health in a rapid and high throughput manner.
File Format	HTM / HTML
ISSN	0166445X
Journal	Aquatic Toxicology
Volume Number	178
e-ISSN	18791514
Language	English
Publisher	Elsevier
Publisher Date	2016-09-01
Publisher Place	Netherlands
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Discipline Toxicology
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis Aquatic Science

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