NDLI: A nine-country study of the protein content and amino acid composition of mature human milk

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Editorial: A brief Food & Nutrition Research status update

Milk and dairy products: good or bad for human health? An assessment of the totality of scientific evidence

Iodine status in the Nordic countries – past and present

Perspectives on the probiotic potential of lactic acid bacteria from African traditional fermented foods and beverages

Allergens of Arachis hypogaea and the effect of processing on their detection by ELISA

Dietary tryptophan depletion in humans using a simplified two amino acid formula – a pilot study

Enhanced nutrition improves growth and increases blood adiponectin concentrations in very low birth weight infants

Effects of royal jelly supplementation on regulatory T cells in children with SLE

Cpt1a gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells as an early biomarker of diet-related metabolic alterations

Quality of life in parents of preterm infants in a randomized nutritional intervention trial

Twelve-week-conjugated linoleic acid supplementation has no effects on the selected markers of atherosclerosis in obese and overweight women

Dietary supplementation with a specific melon concentrate reverses vascular dysfunction induced by cafeteria diet

Protective effects of Trifolium alexandrinum L. against lung injury induced by environmental toxin CCl4 in experimental rats

Production and evaluation of mineral and nutrient contents, chemical composition, and sensory properties of ice creams fortified with laboratory-prepared peach fibre

Development of a Mediterranean diet score adapted to Japan and its relation to obesity risk

A multistrain probiotic formulation attenuates skin symptoms of atopic dermatitis in a mouse model through the generation of CD4+Foxp3+ T cells

Toward crustacean without chemicals: a descriptive analysis of consumer response using price comparisons

Atheroprotective effects of pure tocotrienol supplementation in the treatment of rabbits with experimentally induced early and established atherosclerosis

Effects of stachyose on absorption and transportation of tea catechins in mice: possible role of Phase II metabolic enzymes and efflux transporters inhibition by stachyose

Meals based on vegetable protein sources (beans and peas) are more satiating than meals based on animal protein sources (veal and pork) – a randomized cross-over meal test study

In vivo protein quality of selected cereal-based staple foods enriched with soybean proteins

Microalgae as a safe food source for animals: nutritional characteristics of the acidophilic microalga Coccomyxa onubensis

Cardioprotective effects of silver fir (Abies alba) extract in ischemic-reperfused isolated rat hearts

Enhanced polyunsaturated fatty acids production in Mortierella alpina by SSF and the enrichment in chicken breasts

A multicenter clinical study to determine the efficacy of a novel fenugreek seed (Trigonella foenum-graecum) extract (Fenfuro™) in patients with type 2 diabetes

Food as a tool for learning in everyday activities at preschool – an exploratory study from Sweden

Metabolic effects of quail eggs in diabetes-induced rats: comparison with chicken eggs

Proprietary tomato extract improves metabolic response to high-fat meal in healthy normal weight subjects

Food sources of energy and nutrients in Finnish girls and boys 6–8 years of age – the PANIC study

Food consumption and the actual statistics of cardiovascular diseases: an epidemiological comparison of 42 European countries

Glucosamine exposure reduces proteoglycan synthesis in primary human endothelial cells in vitro

An Okinawan-based Nordic diet improves anthropometry, metabolic control, and health-related quality of life in Scandinavian patients with type 2 diabetes: a pilot trial

Correlates of fruit, vegetable, soft drink, and snack intake among adolescents: the ESSENS study

Thermal cooking changes the profile of phenolic compounds, but does not attenuate the anti-inflammatory activities of black rice

Effects of spinach nitrate on insulin resistance, endothelial dysfunction markers and inflammation in mice with high-fat and high-fructose consumption

Chronic leucine supplementation improves lipid metabolism in C57BL/6J mice fed with a high-fat/cholesterol diet

A nine-country study of the protein content and amino acid composition of mature human milk

Effects of cereal fiber on leptin resistance and sensitivity in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat/cholesterol diet

Plasma phospholipid pentadecanoic acid, EPA, and DHA, and the frequency of dairy and fish product intake in young children

Fish consumption pattern among adults of different ethnics in Peninsular Malaysia

Diet in 1-year-old farm and control children and allergy development: results from the FARMFLORA birth cohort

School meal provision, health, and cognitive function in a Nordic setting – the ProMeal-study: description of methodology and the Nordic context

Concordance of poor child feeding and preventive behavior and its predictors in southwest rural Ethiopia

Effect of a cheese rich in angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibiting peptides (Gamalost®) and a Gouda-type cheese on blood pressure: results of a randomised trial

Low-molecular-weight fucoidan and high-stability fucoxanthin from brown seaweed exert prebiotics and anti-inflammatory activities in Caco-2 cells

Nutritional assessment and post-procedural complications in older stroke patients after insertion of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy – a retrospective study

The effects of orally administered Bacillus coagulans and inulin on prevention and progression of rheumatoid arthritis in rats

Zolfino landrace (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) from Pratomagno: general and specific features of a functional food

Lipolysis stimulating peptides of potato protein hydrolysate effectively suppresses high-fat-diet-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and fibrosis in aging rats

Delta- and gamma-tocotrienol isomers are potent in inhibiting inflammation and endothelial activation in stimulated human endothelial cells

Skin photoprotective and antiageing effects of a combination of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and grapefruit (Citrus paradisi) polyphenols

Dietary apigenin potentiates the inhibitory effect of interferon-α on cancer cell viability through inhibition of 26S proteasome-mediated interferon receptor degradation

Reduction of sodium content in spicy soups using monosodium glutamate

Effect of a fermented dietary supplement containing chromium and zinc on metabolic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind cross-over study

A double-blind, randomized, and active-controlled phase III study of Herbiron drink in the treatment of iron-deficiency anemia in premenopausal females in Taiwan

Dichloromethane extracts of propolis protect cell from oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced oxidative stress via reducing apoptosis

Antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antitumor activity of epsilon-poly-L-lysine and citral, alone or in combination

Cinnamomum verum component 2-methoxycinnamaldehyde: a novel antiproliferative drug inducing cell death through targeting both topoisomerase I and II in human colorectal adenocarcinoma COLO 205 cells

The association between adherence to the New Nordic Diet and diet quality

Interference effect of oral administration of mulberry branch bark powder on the incidence of type II diabetes in mice induced by streptozotocin

Nutritional and developmental status among 6- to 8-month-old children in southwestern Uganda: a cross-sectional study

Energy balance and macronutrient distribution in relation to C-reactive protein and HbA1c levels among patients with type 2 diabetes

Long-term antihypertensive effect of a soluble cocoa fiber product in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Genistein upregulates LDLR levels via JNK-mediated activation of SREBP-2

Resveratrol attenuated hydrogen peroxide-induced myocardial apoptosis by autophagic flux

Hypolipidemic effects of chitosan and its derivatives in hyperlipidemic rats induced by a high-fat diet

Lingonberries alter the gut microbiota and prevent low-grade inflammation in high-fat diet fed mice

Nutmeg oil alleviates chronic inflammatory pain through inhibition of COX-2 expression and substance P release in vivo

Antiatherosclerotic effects of licorice extract supplementation on hypercholesterolemic patients: decreased CIMT, reduced plasma lipid levels, and decreased blood pressure

Healthy Eating Index-2010 and food groups consumed by US adults who meet or exceed fiber intake recommendations NHANES 2001–2010

Metabolic and histopathological effects of sleeve gastrectomy and gastric plication: an experimental rodent model

Relaxin and atrial natriuretic peptide pathways participate in the anti-fibrotic effect of a melon concentrate in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Sodium and potassium urinary excretion and dietary intake: a cross-sectional analysis in adolescents

Therapeutic efficacy of ethanolic extract of Aerva javanica aerial parts in the amelioration of CCl4-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative damage in rats

Serum zinc reference intervals and its relationship with dietary, functional, and biochemical indicators in 6- to 9-year-old healthy children

Cocoa extract intake for 4 weeks reduces postprandial systolic blood pressure response of obese subjects, even after following an energy-restricted diet

Extract from a mutant Rhodobacter sphaeroides as an enriched carotenoid source

Dietary supplementation of germinated pigmented rice (Oryza sativa L.) lowers dyslipidemia risk in ovariectomized Sprague–Dawley rats

Enteral sesame oil therapeutically relieves disease severity in rat experimental osteoarthritis

Safety assessment of Maillard reaction products of chicken bone hydrolysate using Sprague-Dawley rats

A new estimation of the total flavonoids in silkworm cocoon sericin layer through aglycone determination by hydrolysis-assisted extraction and HPLC-DAD analysis

A safety assessment of Coriolus versicolor biomass as a food supplement

Body mass but not vitamin D status is associated with bone mineral content and density in young school children in northern Sweden

Effect of different home-cooking methods on the bioaccessibility of zinc and iron in conventionally bred cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) consumed in Brazil

Effect of Launaea procumbens extract on oxidative marker, p53, and CYP 2E1: a randomized control study

Potency of pre–post treatment of coenzyme Q10 and melatonin supplement in ameliorating the impaired fatty acid profile in rodent model of autism

Consumption of milk and milk products in the population of the Upper Silesian agglomeration inhabitants

Sub-patterns of food consumption and hyperglycemia in Mexican young people: a study by factor analysis

Inhibitory effects and molecular mechanisms of tetrahydrocurcumin against human breast cancer MCF-7 cells

Chronic treatment with epigallocatechin gallate reduces motor hyperactivity and affects in vitro tested intestinal motility of spontaneously hypertensive rats

Feeling ‘too fat’ rather than being ‘too fat’ increases unhealthy eating habits among adolescents – even in boys

Effect of long-term high-fat diet intake on peripheral insulin sensibility, blood pressure, and renal function in female rats

Women's dietary diversity scores and childhood anthropometric measurements as indices of nutrition insecurity along the urban–rural continuum in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso

Cytoprotective mechanism of ferulic acid against high glucose-induced oxidative stress in cardiomyocytes and hepatocytes

Food groups consumed by infants and toddlers in urban areas of China

Identification and molecular characterization of oat peptides implicated on coeliac immune response

Perinatal exposure to germinated brown rice and its gamma amino-butyric acid-rich extract prevents high fat diet-induced insulin resistance in first generation rat offspring

Production of intracellular selenium-enriched polysaccharides from thin stillage by Cordyceps sinensis and its bioactivities

Supplementation of Korean Red Ginseng improves behavior deviations in animal models of autism

Effects of maternal mild zinc deficiency and different ways of zinc supplementation for offspring on learning and memory

Supplementation with a fish protein hydrolysate (Micromesistius poutassou): effects on body weight, body composition, and CCK/GLP-1 secretion

Effect of long chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on inflammation and metabolic markers in hypertensive and/or diabetic obese adults: a randomized controlled trial

Anti-obesity effect of extract from fermented Curcuma longa L. through regulation of adipogenesis and lipolysis pathway in high-fat diet-induced obese rats

Evaluation of two local cowpea species for nutrient, antinutrient, and phytochemical compositions and organoleptic attributes of their wheat-based cookies

Physicochemical, nutritional, and sensory analyses of a nitrate-enriched beetroot gel and its effects on plasmatic nitric oxide and blood pressure

A pilot, short-term dietary manipulation of branched chain amino acids has modest influence on fasting levels of branched chain amino acids

Differences in nutrient composition and choice of side dishes between red meat and fish dinners in Norwegian adults

Slow-release carbohydrates: growing evidence on metabolic responses and public health interest. Summary of the symposium held at the 12th European Nutrition Conference (FENS 2015)

Public health implications of microbial food safety and foodborne diseases in developing countries

Impact of chromium dinicocysteinate supplementation on inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetic subjects: an exploratory analysis of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

The effect of ginger supplementation on serum C-reactive protein, lipid profile and glycaemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Dietary intake, food pattern, and abnormal blood glucose status of middle-aged adults: a cross-sectional community-based study in Myanmar

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A nine-country study of the protein content and amino acid composition of mature human milk

Content Provider	Taylor & Francis Online
Author	Zhou, Tian Hui Gao, Ming Pramuk, Kathryn Feng, Ping Burgher, Anita
Abstract	BackgroundNumerous studies have evaluated protein and amino acid levels in human milk. However, research in this area has been limited by small sample sizes and study populations with little ethnic or racial diversity.ObjectiveEvaluate the protein and amino acid composition of mature (≥30 days) human milk samples collected from a large, multinational study using highly standardized methods for sample collection, storage, and analysis.DesignUsing a single, centralized laboratory, human milk samples from 220 women (30–188 days postpartum) from nine countries were analyzed for amino acid composition using Waters AccQ-Tag high-performance liquid chromatography and total nitrogen content using the LECO FP-528 nitrogen analyzer. Total protein was calculated as total nitrogen×6.25. True protein, which includes protein, free amino acids, and peptides, was calculated from the total amino acids.ResultsMean total protein from individual countries (standard deviation [SD]) ranged from 1,133 (125.5) to 1,366 (341.4) mg/dL; the mean across all countries (SD) was 1,192 (200.9) mg/dL. Total protein, true protein, and amino acid composition were not significantly different across countries except Chile, which had higher total and true protein. Amino acid profiles (percent of total amino acids) did not differ across countries. Total and true protein concentrations and 16 of 18 amino acid concentrations declined with the stage of lactation.ConclusionsTotal protein, true protein, and individual amino acid concentrations in human milk steadily decline from 30 to 151 days of lactation, and are significantly higher in the second month of lactation compared with the following 4 months. There is a high level of consistency in the protein content and amino acid composition of human milk across geographic locations. The size and diversity of the study population and highly standardized procedures for the collection, storage, and analysis of human milk support the validity and broad application of these findings.
File Format	PDF HTM / HTML
ISSN	16546628 1654661X
DOI	10.3402/fnr.v60.31042
Journal	Food & Nutrition Research
Volume Number	60
Issue Number	1
Language	English
Publisher	Taylor & Francis
Publisher Date	2016-08-26
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	Human milk Amino acid Protein Nitrogen Lactation stage
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Nutrition and Dietetics Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Food Science

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