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| Content Provider | Springer Nature : BioMed Central |
|---|---|
| Author | Qi, Fangfang Zuo, Zejie Yang, Junhua Hu, Saisai Yang, Yang Yuan, Qunfang Zou, Juntao Guo, Kaihua Yao, Zhibin |
| Abstract | Background The spatial learning abilities of developing mice benefit from extrinsic cues, such as an enriched environment, with concomitant enhancement in cognitive functions. Interestingly, such enhancements can be further increased through intrinsic Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccination. Results Here, we first report that combined neonatal BCG vaccination and exposure to an enriched environment (Enr) induced combined neurobeneficial effects, including hippocampal long-term potentiation, and increased neurogenesis and spatial learning and memory, in mice exposed to the Enr and vaccinated with BCG relative to those in the Enr that did not receive BCG vaccination. Neonatal BCG vaccination markedly induced anti-inflammatory meningeal macrophage polarization both in regular and Enr breeding mice. The meninges are composed of the pia mater, dura mater, and choroid plexus. Alternatively, this anti-inflammatory activity of the meninges occurred simultaneously with increased expression of the neurotrophic factors BDNF/IGF-1 and the M2 microglial phenotype in the hippocampus. Our results reveal a critical role for BCG vaccination in the regulation of neurogenesis and spatial cognition through meningeal macrophage M2 polarization and neurotrophic factor expression; these effects were completely or partially prevented by minocycline or anti-IL-10 antibody treatment, respectively. Conclusions Together, we first claim that immunological factor and environmental factor induce a combined effect on neurogenesis and cognition via a common pathway-meningeal macrophage M2 polarization. We also present a novel functional association between peripheral T lymphocytes and meningeal macrophages after evoking adaptive immune responses in the periphery whereby T lymphocytes are recruited to the meninges in response to systemic IFN-γ signaling. This leads to meningeal macrophage M2 polarization, subsequent to microglial M2 activation and neurotrophic factor expression, and eventually promotes a positive behavior. |
| Related Links | https://jneuroinflammation.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12974-017-0808-7.pdf |
| Ending Page | 17 |
| Page Count | 17 |
| Starting Page | 1 |
| File Format | HTM / HTML |
| ISSN | 17422094 |
| DOI | 10.1186/s12974-017-0808-7 |
| Journal | Journal of Neuroinflammation |
| Issue Number | 1 |
| Volume Number | 14 |
| Language | English |
| Publisher | BioMed Central |
| Publisher Date | 2017-02-10 |
| Access Restriction | Open |
| Subject Keyword | Neurosciences Neurology Neurobiology Immunology Enriched environment Vaccine Th1/Th2 balance Hippocampus Neurotrophins Cytokine |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Neuroscience Immunology Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience Neurology |
| Journal Impact Factor | 9.3/2023 |
| 5-Year Journal Impact Factor | 9.8/2023 |
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