NDLI: RETRACTED ARTICLE: Fluoride exposure and intelligence in school-age children: evidence from different windows of exposure susceptibility

Content Provider	Springer Nature : BioMed Central
Author	Xu, Kaihong An, Ning Huang, Hui Duan, Leizhen Ma, Jun Ding, Jizhe He, Tongkun Zhu, Jingyuan Li, Zhiyuan Cheng, Xuemin Zhou, Guoyu Ba, Yue
Abstract	Background The intellectual loss induced by fluoride exposure has been extensively studied, but the association between fluoride exposure in different susceptibility windows and children’s intelligence is rarely reported. Hence, we conducted a cross-sectional study to explore the association between fluoride exposure in prenatal and childhood periods and intelligence quotient (IQ). Methods We recruited 633 local children aged 7–13 years old randomly from four primary schools in Kaifeng, China in 2017. The children were divided into four groups, of which included: control group (CG, n = 228), only prenatal excessive fluoride exposure group (PFG, n = 107), only childhood excessive fluoride exposure group (CFG, n = 157), both prenatal and childhood excessive fluoride exposure group (BFG, n = 141). The concentrations of urinary fluoride (UF) and urinary creatinine (UCr) were determined by fluoride ion-selective electrode assay and a creatinine assay kit (picric acid method), respectively. The concentration of UCr-adjusted urinary fluoride (CUF) was calculated. IQ score was assessed using the second revision of the Combined Raven’s Test-The Rural in China (CRT-RC2). Threshold and saturation effects analysis, multiple linear regression analysis and logistic regression analysis were conducted to analyze the association between fluoride exposure and IQ. Results The mean IQ score in PFG was respectively lower than those in CG, CFG and BFG (P < 0.05). The odds of developing excellent intelligence among children in PFG decreased by 51.1% compared with children in CG (OR = 0.489, 95% CI: 0.279, 0.858). For all the children, CUF concentration of ≥1.7 mg/L was negatively associated with IQ scores (β = − 4.965, 95% CI: − 9.198, − 0.732, P = 0.022). In children without prenatal fluoride exposure, every 1.0 mg/L increment in the CUF concentration of ≥2.1 mg/L was related to a reduction of 11.4 points in children’s IQ scores (95% CI: − 19.2, − 3.5, P = 0.005). Conclusions Prenatal and childhood excessive fluoride exposures may impair the intelligence development of school children. Furthermore, children with prenatal fluoride exposure had lower IQ scores than children who were not prenatally exposed; therefore the reduction of IQ scores at higher levels of fluoride exposure in childhood does not become that evident.
Related Links	https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12889-020-09765-4.pdf
Ending Page	8
Page Count	8
Starting Page	1
File Format	HTM / HTML
ISSN	14712458
DOI	10.1186/s12889-020-09765-4
Journal	BMC Public Health
Issue Number	1
Volume Number	20
Language	English
Publisher	BioMed Central
Publisher Date	2020-11-04
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	Public Health Medicine Epidemiology Biostatistics Vaccine Environmental Health Fluoride Prenatal Childhood Intelligence Medicine/Public Health
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health
Journal Impact Factor	3.5/2023
5-Year Journal Impact Factor	3.9/2023

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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Fluoride exposure and intelligence in school-age children: evidence from different windows of exposure susceptibility

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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Fluoride exposure and intelligence in school-age children: evidence from different windows of exposure susceptibility