NDLI: First learned words are not forgotten: Age-of-acquisition effects in the tip-of-the-tongue experience

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Navarrete, Eduardo Pastore, Massimiliano Valentini, Rosa Peressotti, Francesca
Copyright Year	2015
Abstract	A large body of evidence indicates that the age at which a word is acquired predicts the time required to retrieve that word during speech production. Here we explored whether age of acquisition also predicts the experience of being unable to produce a known word at a particular moment. Italian speakers named a sequence of pictures in Experiment 1 or retrieved a word as a response to a definition in Experiment 2. In both experiments, the participants were instructed to indicate when they were in a tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) state. Generalized mixed-effects models performed on the TOT and correct responses revealed that word frequency and age of acquisition predicted the TOT states. Specifically, low-frequency words elicited more TOTs than did high-frequency words, replicating previous findings. In addition, late-acquired words elicited more TOTs than did early-acquired words. Further analyses revealed that the age of acquisition was a better predictor of TOTs than was word frequency. The effects of age of acquisition were similar with subjective and objective measures of age of acquisition, and persisted when several psycholinguistic variables were taken into consideration as predictors in the generalized mixed-effects models. We explained these results in terms of weaker semantic-to-phonological connections in the speech production system for late-acquired words.
Starting Page	1085
Ending Page	1103
Page Count	19
File Format	PDF
ISSN	0090502X
Journal	Memory & Cognition
Volume Number	43
Issue Number	7
e-ISSN	15325946
Language	English
Publisher	Springer US
Publisher Date	2015-05-09
Publisher Place	New York
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Tip-of-the-tongue Speech production Age of acquisition Generalized mixed-effects models Cognitive Psychology
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Experimental and Cognitive Psychology Arts and Humanities Medicine Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology

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First learned words are not forgotten: Age-of-acquisition effects in the tip-of-the-tongue experience

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