NDLI: Numerical studies on CO$_{2}$ injection–brine extraction process in a low-medium temperature reservoir system

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Liu, Hejuan Hou, Zhengmeng Were, Patrick Sun, Xiaoling Gou, Yang
Copyright Year	2015
Abstract	CO$_{2}$ sequestration in deep saline formations has been proved to be an effective method for reducing greenhouse emissions into the atmosphere. However, pure sequestration of CO$_{2}$ will add to the costs incurred by both industries and governments. A win–win method of CO$_{2}$ injection and hot brine (water) extraction can become attractive to the investors, as it will not only increase the storage capacity of the injected CO$_{2}$, but also offset the costs by selling and using the produced hot water for industrial, agricultural or household purposes. For instance, water from very hot geothermal reservoirs (T ≥ 150 °C) can be used for electricity generation in power plants and water from low-medium temperature reservoirs, the most predominant in natural systems, are more popular for direct use, e.g., in heating systems, household hot water, baths, aquaculture, etc. In this paper, low-medium geothermal reservoirs widely distributed in China, especially those in the Ordos Basin, were selected for the numerical case studies using TOUGH2MP with the ECO2N module for the simulations. Generally, simulation parameters were taken from the Ordos Basin, where the first full-integration CO$_{2}$ sequestration project had been operated since 2010. The simulations in the base case study lasted 35 years, based on the lifespan of a normal geothermal project. Shallow re-injection systems were also considered to investigate the influence of thermal breakthrough, pressure perturbation, etc. Results show that injection of cold CO$_{2}$ causes sharp decrease in temperature in the reservoir region near the injection well, which is enlarged with continuous injection. The region near the production well is dominated by different fluid phases during the CO$_{2}$ driven process, including a single water phase, a two-phase fluid (water and CO$_{2}$) and a phase of almost pure CO$_{2}$. Results also show that the CO$_{2}$ breakthrough lags far behind the pressure response in the geothermal production system. Before breakthrough, the injected CO$_{2}$ pressurizes the reservoir, improving the overall performance of the geothermal reservoir. Furthermore, the heat extraction efficiency of CO$_{2}$-based system is obviously higher than H$_{2}$O-based system.
Starting Page	6839
Ending Page	6854
Page Count	16
File Format	PDF
ISSN	18666280
Journal	Environmental Earth Sciences
Volume Number	73
Issue Number	11
e-ISSN	18666299
Language	English
Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Publisher Date	2015-02-04
Publisher Place	Berlin, Heidelberg
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	CO$_{2}$ injection Brine extraction Breakthrough Geothermal reservoir Geology Hydrology/Water Resources Geochemistry Environmental Science and Engineering Terrestrial Pollution Biogeosciences
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Global and Planetary Change Earth-Surface Processes Soil Science Environmental Chemistry Pollution Geology Water Science and Technology

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