NDLI: Major ion composition and seasonal variation in the Lesser Himalayan lake: case of Begnas Lake of the Pokhara Valley, Nepal

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Khadka, Udhab Raj Ramanathan, AL.
Copyright Year	2012
Abstract	The Begnas Lake in the Pokhara Valley is one of the threatened habitats in Nepal. The major ion chemistry explains the status of most of the inorganic nutrients and their possible sources. However, the earlier studies mostly cover limnological investigations, and phytoplankton and zooplankton diversity. Thus, the present study has been conducted to investigate the geochemical processes and to examine the seasonal variation of chemical composition within Begnas Lake. The results showed that SO 4 2- , PO 4 3- , and NO 3 - increased compared with the previous values. The domination of Ca$^{2+}$, Mg$^{2+}$, and HCO 3 - explains the influence of carbonate weathering on the major ion concentration. In general, pH and dissolved oxygen decreased with the depth of water-column, while electric conductivity, total dissolved solids, HCO 3 - , Cl$^{-}$, H$_{4}$SiO$_{4}$, K$^{+}$, Mg$^{2+}$, Ca$^{2+}$, Mn$^{2+}$, and Fe increased. Among the cations, the predominance of Ca$^{2+}$ and Mg$^{2+}$ as characterized by high (>0.6) (Ca$^{2+}$ + Mg$^{2+}$)/(Tz$^{+}$) and (>0.8) (Ca$^{2+}$ + Mg$^{2+}$)/(Na$^{+}$ + K$^{+}$) equivalent ratios, also suggests prevalence of carbonate weathering. The low value of (Na$^{+}$ + K$^{+}$)/Tz$^{+}$ ratio shows deficiency of Na$^{+}$ and K$^{+}$, suggesting low contribution of cations via aluminosilicate weathering. The C-ratio suggests a proton source derived both from oxidation of sulfide and dissolution and dissociation of atmospheric CO$_{2}$ during different seasons. Though the major hydro-chemical parameters are within permissible limit, the increase in trophic state of the lake suggests that inherent biogeochemical processes make the limiting nutrients available, rendering eutrophic effect. Therefore, further comprehensive studies incorporating sediment–water interaction ought to be carried out to explain the ongoing phenomena and curb the eutrophication process in the lake.
Starting Page	4191
Ending Page	4206
Page Count	16
File Format	PDF
ISSN	18667511
Journal	Arabian Journal of Geosciences
Volume Number	6
Issue Number	11
e-ISSN	18667538
Language	English
Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Publisher Date	2012-09-26
Publisher Place	Berlin, Heidelberg
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Seasonal variation Major ion Begnas Lake Pokhara Valley Nepal Earth Sciences
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Earth and Planetary Sciences Environmental Science

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