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Palynostratigraphy and the assessment of gas and oil generation and accumulations in the Lower Paleozoic, Western Iraq

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Al Ameri, Thamer Khazaal
Copyright Year	2009
Abstract	Palynological and organic geochemical analysis are performed in this study for 220 samples of cores and cuttings collected from the Ordovician Khabour, Silurian Akkas, and Upper Devonian Kaista Formations in wells Akkas/1-6, Khleisya/1, KH5/6, and KH5/1 of West Iraq. Their diagnostic organic matters are abundant acritarchs (134 species belonging to 54 genera, including marine algae of Tasmanites, Deflandstrum, and brazinophytes) and a few spores (21 species belonging to 16 genera) and Chitinozoa (43 species belonging to 12 genera) as well as scolecodonts, graptolite siculae, cuticles, and amorphous organic matters. On the basis of acritarchs with tentative selections of Chitinozoa and spores, this succession is subdivided into ten palynozones (PZ1–PZ10) within a stratigraphic framework and correlated with equivalent strata in Saudi Arabia and Libya. Beds of the Khabour and lower part of Akkas Formations were deposited in anoxic–dysoxic marine shelf environments northern Gondwana Continent with provincial acritarchs. These deposits were extending from outer to inner neritic with affects of local upwelling currents and lagoons, especially in boreholes Akkas/1, KH5/1, and KH5/6. Hydrocarbon generations potential are assessed by plotting organic matter types in palynofacies context of Bujaks (1970) graphical model with depths along with log of thermal maturation indices on the basis of the color changes of the acritarchs Diexallophasis denticulata–Orthosphaeridium ternatus and Baltisphaeridium constrictum as well as kerogen types and total organic carbon (TOC). These organic matters are up to 16% TOC, especially for the hot shale of the Lower Silurian Akkaz Formation, very low asphalting and sulfur, saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons of more than 96%, and high peaks of C2–C20 gas chromatography that could indicate predominant gas generation with some light oils. The associated gases are mainly methane and ethane of CH$_{4}$, C$_{2}$H$_{6}$, and C$_{3}$H$_{8}$. Accordingly, source potential for wet gas and condensates could be assessed for depth of 2,750–3,000 m and dry gas for depth of 3,570–3,650 m in well Akkas-1 only from the Ordovician Kabour Formation. Little oil might be generated from the lower Silurian Akkas formation in borehole Akkas-1 and KH5/6. These potential source rocks are extended toward Jordon, southwest Iraqi Desert and Syria. Accumulation sites of these generated gas and little oil could be within the sandstone porosities of 10–17% and permeability of 500 mD sealed by the non permeable shale's along closures of the structured anticline fold and fault of this field as well as along the unconformity boundary of the Upper Silurian Akkas Formation with the Upper Devonian Kaista Formation. Accordingly, Lower Paleozoic total petroleum system of generation, migration, and accumulations could be assessed for a basin includes West Iraq and their extensions in Jordon and Syria.لقد تم في هذه الدراسة اجراء تحليلات بالينولوجية وجيوكيمائية عضوية لمائة وعشرين انموذج فتاتات ولبابات صخرية تم جمعها من تكاوين الخابور الاوردوفيشي وعكاز السيلوري وكيستا الديفوني الاعلى في آبار النفط عكاز 1-6 وخليصيه-1 وآبار المياه KH5/6 وKH 5/1. تتصف موادها العضوية الرسوبية بهيمنه الاكريتارك (134 نوع تعود الى 54 جنس بضمنها الطحالب البحرية) وقليل من الابواغ (21 نوع تعود الى 16 جنس) وكايتينات (43 نوع تعود الى 12 جنس) علاوة على السكوليكودونت وسيكيولا الكرابتولايت والكيوتكل ومواد عضوية عديمه الشكل التركيبي. اعتماد على الاكريتارك وانواع مختارة من الكايتينات والابواغ، فقد تم تقسيم هذا التتابع الطبقي الى عشرة انطقة بالينولوجية (PZ1 وحتى PZ10) ضمن هيكل طباقي امكن مقارنة طبقاته مع المملكة العربية السعودية وليبيا. لقد تم ترسيب طبقات تكوين الخابور والجزء الاسفل من تكوين عكاز في بيئات مختزله ضمن الرف القاري البحري شمال قارة الكوندوانا مع كونها تحتوي على تعايش عالمي اقليمي للاكريتارك. ان تلك الترسبات امتدت بين البيئتين البحريتين النرتيه الداخلية والنرتيه الخارجية مع تأثير التيارات البحرية الصاعدة واللاغون، بالاخص في الابار عكاز-1، KH5/1 ، KH5/6. لقد تم تقويم نشوء الهيدروكاربونات في هذه الدراسة بواسطة تسقيط انواع المواد العضوية في مرتسم موديل السحنات البالينولوجية المقترح من بوجاك (1970) مع العمق اضافة الى معامل التغير الحراري (TAI) اعتماداً على التغير اللوني للاكريتاك وانواع الكيروجين والكاربون العضوي الاجمالي (TOC). ان اجمالي هذه المواد العضوية يصل الى 16% وزناً وبالاخص لصخور سجيل السيلوري الاسفل من تكوين عكاز ونسبة قليلة جداً من الاسفلت والكبريت وهيدروكاربونات مشبعة واروماتية لاكثر من 96% وقمم عالية للكاربون (20-2) في جهاز الغاز كروماتوكرافيا الذي يشير الى أغلبية نشوء للغاز مع بعض النفط. ان الغازات المرافقة هي بكتيريا الميثان والايثان (CH$_{4}$, C$_{2}$H$_{6}$, C$_{3}$H$_{6}$). لذلك يمكن تقويم هذه الصخور على انها مصدرية واعدة للغاز والمكثفات للاعماق 2750-3000 متر وغاز جاف للعمق 3570-3650 متر في بئر عكاز-1 من تكوين الخابور الاوردوفيشي فقط وان قليل من النفط ربما قد نشأ من السيلوري الاسفل لتكوين عكاز في البئرين عكاز-1 و KH5/6. ان هذه الصخور المصدرية الواعدة يمتد اقليمياً بأتجاه الاردن وجنوب غرب العراق باتجاه السعودية وباتجاه سوريا. ان مناطق تجميع هذه الغازات والنفط الناشئون يمكن ان يكون طبقات الصخور الرملية ذات المسامية 10-17% والنفاذية 500 ميللي دراسي لتكويني الخابور و عكاز ومحكمة من الاعلى بالصخور السجيلية غير النافذة في منغلقات تركيبية من الطيات والفوالق اضافة الى سطح عدم لاتوافق بين تكوين عكاز السيلوري وتكوين كيستا الديفوني الاعلى. لذلك فان نظام نفطي اجمالي في حقب الحياة القديمة الاسفل يشمل النشوء والهجرة والتجميع يمكن تحديده في هذا الحوض الذي يشمل غرب العراق وامتداداته في سوريا والاردن والسعودية.
Starting Page	155
Ending Page	179
Page Count	25
File Format	PDF
ISSN	18667511
Journal	Arabian Journal of Geosciences
Volume Number	3
Issue Number	2
e-ISSN	18667538
Language	Arabic
Publisher	Springer-Verlag
Publisher Date	2009-06-16
Publisher Place	Berlin, Heidelberg
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Palynostratigraphy Hydrocarbon generation Accumulations Lower Palaeozoic West Iraq Earth Sciences
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Earth and Planetary Sciences Environmental Science

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