NDLI: Spatiotemporal evaluation of the groundwater quality in Gharbiya Governorate, Egypt

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Masoud, Alaa A. El Bouraie, Mohamed M. El Nashar, Wafaa Mashaly, Hamdy
Copyright Year	2017
Abstract	Groundwater quality indicators were monitored over 6 years (2007–2012) from 55 drinking water supply wells in Gharbiya Governorate (Egypt). The prime objective was to characterize, for the first time, the governorate-wide significant and sustained trends in the concentrations of the groundwater pollutants. Quality indicators included turbidity, pH, total dissolved solid (TDS), electric conductivity (EC), Cl$^{−}$, SO$_{4}$ $^{2−}$, Na$^{+}$, total alkalinity, hardness (total, Mg, and Ca), Fe$^{2+}$, Mn$^{2+}$, Cu$^{2+}$, Zn$^{2+}$, F$^{−}$, NH$_{4}$ $^{+}$, NO$_{2}$ $^{−}$, NO$_{3}$ $^{−}$, PO$_{4}$ $^{3−}$, dissolved oxygen (DO), and SiO$_{2}$ contents. Detection and estimation of trends and magnitude were carried out applying the non-parametric Mann–Kendall and Thiel–Sen trend statistical tests, respectively. Factor analysis was applied to identify significant sources of quality variation and their loads. Violation of groundwater quality standards clarified emergence of Mn$^{2+}$ (46%), Fe$^{2+}$ (35%), and NH$_{4}$ $^{+}$ (33%). Out of the 55 wells, notable upward trends (deterioration) were significant (>95% level) for TDS (89%), NO$_{3}$ $^{−}$ (85), PO$_{4}$ $^{3−}$ (75%), NH$_{4}$ $^{+}$ (65%), total alkalinity (62%), Fe$^{2+}$ (58%), NO$_{2}$ $^{−}$ (47%), Mg hardness (36%), turbidity (25%), and Mn$^{2+}$ (24%). Ranges of attenuation rates (mg/l/year) varied for TDS (24.3, −0.7), Mg hardness (3.8, −0.85), total alkalinity (1.4, −1.2), NO$_{3}$ $^{−}$ (0.52, −0.066), PO$_{4}$ $^{3−}$ (0.069, −0.064), NH$_{4}$ $^{+}$ (0.038, −0.019), Mn$^{2+}$ (0.015, −0.044), Fe$^{2+}$ (0.006, −0.014), and NO$_{2}$ $^{−}$ (0.006, −0.00003). Highest rates marked Tanta (total alkalinity and Fe$^{2+}$), Al-Mehala Al-Kubra (TDS, Mg hardness, and NO$_{3}$ $^{−}$), Kafr Al-Zayat (NH$_{4}$ $^{+}$), Zifta (Mn$^{2+}$), Bassyun (NO$_{2}$ $^{−}$), and Qutur (PO$_{4}$ $^{3−}$). Precision of the trend estimate varied in goodness of fit, for TDS (86%), Mg hardness (76%), total alkalinity (73%), PO$_{4}$ $^{3−}$ (67.4%), NH$_{4}$ $^{+}$ (66.8%), Mn$^{2+}$ (55%), and Fe$^{2+}$ (49.6%), arranged in decreasing order. Two main varimax-rotated factors counted for more than 55% of the quality variance and, in particular, significant loads of salinity (TDS, EC, Cl$^{−}$, Na$^{+}$, and SO$_{4}$ $^{2−}$), followed by the alkalinity, hardness, redox potentials (Mn$^{2+}$ and Fe$^{2+}$), and NH$_{4}$ $^{+}$, in decreasing order were identified. The spatial-temporal variation in pollutants originated from organic matter degradation, either naturally from the aquifer peaty sediments or anthropogenic due to improper well head protection in the urban centers or from the agricultural drains in low relief areas. Considering the latest contents of indicators and their rate of increase, the time that the permissible limits would be reached can be accurately estimated and alleviative actions could be effectively set.
Starting Page	8256
Ending Page	8278
Page Count	23
File Format	PDF
ISSN	09441344
Journal	Environmental Science and Pollution Research
Volume Number	24
Issue Number	9
e-ISSN	16147499
Language	English
Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Publisher Date	2017-02-03
Publisher Place	Berlin, Heidelberg
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Groundwater quality Non-parametric trend test Spatiotemporal change Gharbiya, Egypt Environment Environmental Chemistry Ecotoxicology Environmental Health Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution Waste Water Technology Water Pollution Control Water Management Aquatic Pollution
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Environmental Chemistry Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis Pollution Medicine

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1	Ministry of Education (GoI), Department of Higher Education	Sanctioning Authority	https://www.education.gov.in/ict-initiatives
2	Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	Host Institute of the Project: The host institute of the project is responsible for providing infrastructure support and hosting the project	https://www.iitkgp.ac.in
3	National Digital Library of India Office, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur	The administrative and infrastructural headquarters of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in
4	Project PI / Joint PI	Principal Investigator and Joint Principal Investigators of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in Prof. Saswat Chakrabarti will be added soon
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