NDLI: Rice husks and their hydrochars cause unexpected stress response in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans: reduced transcription of stress-related genes

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Chakrabarti, Shumon Dicke, Christiane Kalderis, Dimitrios Kern, Jürgen
Copyright Year	2015
Abstract	Currently, char substrates gain a lot of interest since soils amended with such substrates are being discussed to increase in fertility and productivity, water retention, and mitigation of greenhouse gases. Char substrates can be produced by carbonization of organic matter. Among different process conditions, temperature is the main factor controlling the occurrence of organic and inorganic contaminants such as phenols and furfurals, which may affect target and non-target organisms. The hydrochar produced at 200 °C contained both furfural and phenol with concentrations of 282 and 324 mg kg$^{−1}$ in contrast to the 300 °C hydrochar, which contained only phenol with a concentration of 666 mg kg$^{−1}$. By washing with acetone and water, these concentrations were significantly reduced. In this study, the potential toxic effects of hydrochars on the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans were investigated via gene transcription studies using the following four matrices: (i) raw rice husk, (ii) unwashed rice char, (iii) acetone/water washed rice char, and (iv) the wash water of the two rice chars produced at 200 and 300 °C via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). Furthermore, genetically modified strains, where the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene sequence is linked to a reporter gene central in specific anti-stress regulations, were also exposed to these matrices. Transgenic worms exposed to hydrochars showed very weak, if any, fluorescence, and expression of the associated RNAs related to stress response and biotransformation genes was surprisingly downregulated. Similar patterns were also found for the raw rice husk. It is hypothesized that an unidentified chemical trigger exists in the rice husk, which is not destroyed during the HTC process. Therefore, the use of GFP transgenic nematode strains cannot be recommended as a general rapid monitoring tool for farmers treating their fields with artificial char. However, it is hypothesized that the observed reduced transcriptional response with the subsequent lack of energy-consuming stress response is an energy-saving mechanism in the exposed nematodes. If this holds true in future studies, this finding opens the window to an innovative new field of stress ecology.
Starting Page	12092
Ending Page	12103
Page Count	12
File Format	PDF
ISSN	09441344
Journal	Environmental Science and Pollution Research
Volume Number	22
Issue Number	16
e-ISSN	16147499
Language	English
Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Publisher Date	2015-04-16
Publisher Place	Berlin, Heidelberg
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Biochars Hydrochars Hydrothermal carbonization GFP Gene transcription Stress ecology Environment Environmental Chemistry Ecotoxicology Environmental Health Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution Waste Water Technology Water Pollution Control Water Management Aquatic Pollution
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Environmental Chemistry Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis Pollution Medicine

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