NDLI: Ionic composition of wet precipitation over the southern slope of central Himalayas, Nepal

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Tripathee, Lekhendra Kang, Shichang Huang, Jie Sillanpää, Mika Sharma, Chhatra Mani Lüthi, Zoe Lucia Guo, Junming Paudyal, Rukumesh
Copyright Year	2013
Abstract	Severe atmospheric pollution transported to Himalayas from South Asia may affect fragile ecosystem and can be harmful for human health in the region. In order to understand the atmospheric chemistry in the southern slope of central Himalayas, where the data is limited, precipitation has been sampled at four sites: Kathmandu (1,314 m), Dhunche (2,065 m), Dimsa (3,078 m), and Gosainkunda (4,417 m) in Nepal for over a 1-year period characterized by an urban, rural, and remote sites, respectively. HCO$_{3}$ $^{−}$ is the dominant anion, while the NH$_{4}$ $^{+}$ is the dominant cation in precipitation at the four sites. Generally, most of ions (e.g., SO$_{4}$ $^{2−}$, NO$_{3}$ $^{−}$, NH$_{4}$ $^{+}$, HCO$_{3}$ $^{−}$, and Ca$^{2+}$) have higher concentrations in urban site compared to the rural sites. Neutralization factor calculation showed that precipitation in the region is highly neutralized by NH$_{4}$ $^{+}$ and Ca$^{2+}$. Empirical orthogonal function and correlation analysis indicated that the precipitation chemistry was mostly influenced by crustal, anthropogenic, and marine sources in Nepal. Among different sites, urban area was mostly influenced by anthropogenic inputs and crustal dusts, whereas remote sites were mostly from marine and crustal sources. Seasonal variations show higher ionic concentrations during non-monsoon seasons mainly due to limited precipitation amount. On the other hand, lower ionic concentrations were observed during monsoon season when higher amount of precipitation washes out aerosols. Thus, precipitation chemistry from this work can provide a useful database to evaluate atmospheric environment and its impacts on ecosystem in the southern slope of central Himalayas, Nepal.
Starting Page	2677
Ending Page	2687
Page Count	11
File Format	PDF
ISSN	09441344
Journal	Environmental Science and Pollution Research
Volume Number	21
Issue Number	4
e-ISSN	16147499
Language	English
Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Publisher Date	2013-10-11
Publisher Place	Berlin, Heidelberg
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Major ions Precipitation Seasonal variation Spatial variations Nepal Central Himalayas Environment Environmental Chemistry Ecotoxicology Environmental Health Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution Waste Water Technology Water Pollution Control Water Management Aquatic Pollution
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Environmental Chemistry Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis Pollution Medicine

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