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Behaviour and dynamics of di-ammonium phosphate in bauxite processing residue sand in Western Australia—I. NH$_{3}$ volatilisation and residual nitrogen availability

Behaviour and dynamics of di-ammonium phosphate in bauxite processing residue sand in Western Australia—II. Phosphorus fractions and availability

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Behaviour and dynamics of di-ammonium phosphate in bauxite processing residue sand in Western Australia—II. Phosphorus fractions and availability

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Chen, C. R. Phillips, I. R. Wei, L. L. Xu, Z. H.
Copyright Year	2009
Abstract	The production of alumina involves its extraction from bauxite ore using sodium hydroxide under high temperature and pressure. This process yields a large amount of residue wastes, which are difficult to revegetate due to their inherent hostile properties—high alkalinity and sodicity, poor water retention and low nutrient availability. Although phosphorus (P) is a key element limiting successful ecosystem restoration, little information is available on the availability and dynamics of P in rehabilitated bauxite-processing residue sand (BRS). The major aim of this experiment was to quantify P availability and behaviour as affected by pH, source of BRS and di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) application rate.This incubation experiment was undertaken using three sources of BRS, three DAP application rates (low, without addition of DAP; medium, 15.07 mg P and 13.63 mg N of DAP per jar, 100 g BRS; and high, 30.15 mg P and 27.26 mg N per jar, 100 g BRS), and four BRS pH treatments (4, 7, 9 and 11 (original)). The moisture content was adjusted to 55% water holding capacity and each BRS sample was incubated at 25°C for a period of 119 days. After this period, Colwell P and 0.1 M H$_{2}$SO$_{4}$ extractable P in BRS were determined. In addition, P sequential fractionation was carried out and the concentration of P in each pool was measured.A significant proportion (37% recovered in Colwell P and 48% in 0.1 M H$_{2}$SO$_{4}$ extraction) of P added as DAP in BRS are available for plant use. The pH did not significantly affect 0.1 M H$_{2}$SO$_{4}$ extractable P, while concentrations of Colwell P in the higher initial pH treatments (pH 7, 9 and 11) were greater than in the pH 4 treatments. The labile fractions (sum of NH$_{4}$Cl (AP), bicarbonate and first sodium hydroxide extractable P (N(I)P)) consisted of 58–64% and 70–72% of total P in the medium and high DAP rate treatments, respectively. This indicates that most P added as DAP remained labile or moderately labile in BRS, either in solution, or in adsorbed forms on the surface of more crystalline P compounds, sesquioxides and carbonate, or associated with amorphous and some crystalline Al and Fe hydrous oxides. In addition, differences in the hydrochloric acid extractable P and the residual-P fractions among the treatments with and without DAP addition were relative small comparing with other P pools (e.g., NaOH extractable P pools), further indicating the limited capacity of BRS for fixing P added in Ca-P and other most recalcitrant forms.P availability in the original BRS without addition of DAP was very low, mostly in recalcitrant form. It has been clearly demonstrated that significant proportions of P added as DAP could remain labile or moderately labile for plant use during the rehabilitation of bauxite-processing residue disposal areas. There was limited capacity of BRS for fixing P in more recalcitrant forms (e.g., Ca-P and residual-P). Concentrations of most P pools in BRS increased with the DAP application rate. The impact of the pH treatment on P availability varied with the type of P pools and the DAP rate.It is recommended that the development of appropriate techniques for more accurate estimation of P availability in BRS and the quantification of the potential leaching loss of P in BRS are needed for the accurate understanding of P availability and dynamics in BRS. In addition, application of organic matters (e.g., biosolids and biochar, etc.) to BRS may be considered for improving P availability and buffering capacity.
Starting Page	1110
Ending Page	1118
Page Count	9
File Format	PDF
ISSN	09441344
Journal	Environmental Science and Pollution Research
Volume Number	17
Issue Number	5
e-ISSN	16147499
Language	English
Publisher	Springer-Verlag
Publisher Date	2009-11-26
Publisher Place	Berlin, Heidelberg
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Bauxite-processing residue sand Di-ammonia phosphate Phosphorus (P) availability Chemical fractionation H$_{2}$SO$_{4}$ extractable P Colwell P Industrial Pollution Prevention Waste Water Technology Water Pollution Control Water Management Aquatic Pollution Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution Environment
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Environmental Chemistry Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis Pollution Medicine

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Behaviour and dynamics of di-ammonium phosphate in bauxite processing residue sand in Western Australia—I. NH$_{3}$ volatilisation and residual nitrogen availability

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