NDLI: International research on cassava photosynthesis, productivity, eco-physiology, and responses to environmental stresses in the tropics

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International research on cassava photosynthesis, productivity, eco-physiology, and responses to environmental stresses in the tropics

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	El Sharkawy, M.A.
Copyright Year	2006
Abstract	The review sums up research conducted at CIAT within a multidiscipline effort revolving around a strategy for developing improved technologies to increase and sustain cassava productivity, as well as conserving natural resources in the various eco-edaphic zones where the crop is grown, with emphasis on stressful environments. Field research has elucidated several physiological plant mechanisms underlying potentially high productivity under favourable hot-humid environments in the tropics. Most notable is cassava inherent high capacity to assimilate carbon in near optimum environments that correlates with both biological productivity and root yield across a wide range of germplasm grown in diverse environments. Cassava leaves possess elevated activities of the C$_{4}$ phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) that also correlate with leaf net photosynthetic rate (P $_{N}$) in field-grown plants, indicating the importance of selection for high P $_{N}$. Under certain conditions such leaves exhibit an interesting photosynthetic C$_{3}$-C$_{4}$ intermediate behaviour which may have important implications in future selection efforts. In addition to leaf P $_{N}$, yield is correlated with seasonal mean leaf area index (i.e. leaf area duration, LAD). Under prolonged water shortages in seasonally dry and semiarid zones, the crop, once established, tolerates stress and produces reasonably well compared to other food crops (e.g. in semiarid environments with less than 700 mm of annual rain, improved cultivars can yield over 3 t ha$^{−1}$ oven-dried storage roots). The underlying mechanisms for such tolerance include stomatal sensitivity to atmospheric and edaphic water deficits, coupled with deep rooting capacities that prevent severe leaf dehydration, i.e. stress avoidance mechanisms, and reduced leaf canopy with reasonable photosynthesis over the leaf life span. Another stress-mitigating plant trait is the capacity to recover from stress, once water is available, by forming new leaves with even higher P $_{N}$, compared to those in nonstressed crops. Under extended stress, reductions are larger in shoot biomass than in storage root, resulting in higher harvest indices. Cassava conserves water by slowly depleting available water from deep soil layers, leading to higher seasonal crop water-use and nutrient-use efficiencies. In dry environments LAD and resistance to pests and diseases are critical for sustainable yields. In semiarid zones the crop survives but requires a second wet cycle to achieve high yields and high dry matter contents in storage roots. Selection and breeding for early bulking and for medium/short-stemmed cultivars is advantageous under semiarid conditions. When grown in cooler zones such as in tropical high altitudes and in low-land sub-tropics, leaf P $_{N}$ is greatly reduced and growth is slower. Thus, the crop requires longer period for a reasonable productivity. There is a need to select and breed for more cold-tolerant genotypes. Selection of parental materials for tolerance to water stress and infertile soils has resulted in breeding improved germplasm adapted to both favourable and stressful environments.
Starting Page	481
Ending Page	512
Page Count	32
File Format	PDF
ISSN	03003604
Journal	Photosynthetica
Volume Number	44
Issue Number	4
e-ISSN	15739058
Language	English
Publisher	Kluwer Academic Publishers-Consultants Bureau
Publisher Date	2006-01-01
Publisher Place	New York
Access Restriction	Subscribed
Subject Keyword	Plant Physiology
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Physiology Plant Science

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International research on cassava photosynthesis, productivity, eco-physiology, and responses to environmental stresses in the tropics

International research on cassava photosynthesis, productivity, eco-physiology, and responses to environmental stresses in the tropics

Global warming: causes and impacts on agroecosystems productivity and food security with emphasis on cassava comparative advantage in the tropics/subtropics

Responses and Adaptation of Photosynthesis and Respiration under Challenging Environments

Photosynthesis in Drought-Adapted Cassava

Comparative photosynthesis, growth, productivity, and nutrient use efficiency among tall- and short-stemmed rain-fed cassava cultivars

Cassava productivity, photosynthesis, ecophysiology, and response to environmental stresses in the tropics:A multidisciplinary approach to crop improvement and sustainable production

Genotypic variations in activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and correlations with leaf photosynthetic characteristics and crop productivity of cassava grown in low-land seasonally-dry tropics

Photosynthesis of cassava and its relation to crop productivity

International research on cassava photosynthesis, productivity, eco-physiology, and responses to environmental stresses in the tropics

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International research on cassava photosynthesis, productivity, eco-physiology, and responses to environmental stresses in the tropics

International research on cassava photosynthesis, productivity, eco-physiology, and responses to environmental stresses in the tropics

Global warming: causes and impacts on agroecosystems productivity and food security with emphasis on cassava comparative advantage in the tropics/subtropics

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Genotypic variations in activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and correlations with leaf photosynthetic characteristics and crop productivity of cassava grown in low-land seasonally-dry tropics

Photosynthesis of cassava and its relation to crop productivity

International research on cassava photosynthesis, productivity, eco-physiology, and responses to environmental stresses in the tropics