NDLI: Audio watermarking scheme robust against desynchronization attacks based on kernel clustering

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Peng, Hong Wang, Jun Zhang, Zulin
Copyright Year	2011
Abstract	In this paper, we propose an adaptive audio watermarking scheme based on kernel fuzzy c-means (KFCM) clustering algorithm, which possesses robust ability against common signal processing and desynchronization attacks. The original audio signal is partitioned into audio frames and then each audio frame is further divided as two sub-frames. In order to resist desynchronization attacks, we embed a synchronization code into first sub-frame of each audio frame by using a mean quantization technique in temporal domain. Moreover, watermark signal is hid into DWT coefficients of second sub-frame of each audio frame by using an energy quantization technique. A local audio feature data set extracted from all audio frames is used to train a KFCM. The well-trained KFCM is used to adaptively control quantization steps in above two quantization techniques. The experimental results show the proposed scheme is robust to common signal processing (such as MP3 lossy compression, noise addition, filtering, re-sampling, re-quantizing) and desynchronization attacks (random cropping, pitch shifting, amplitude variation, time-scale modification, jittering).
Starting Page	681
Ending Page	699
Page Count	19
File Format	PDF
ISSN	13807501
Journal	Multimedia Tools and Applications
Volume Number	62
Issue Number	3
e-ISSN	15737721
Language	English
Publisher	Springer US
Publisher Date	2011-09-03
Publisher Place	Boston
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Audio watermarking Kernel clustering Audio features Desynchronization attacks Multimedia Information Systems Computer Communication Networks Data Structures, Cryptology and Information Theory Special Purpose and Application-Based Systems
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Computer Networks and Communications Hardware and Architecture Software Media Technology

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