NDLI: Hummocks: how they form and how they evolve in rockslide-debris avalanches

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Paguican, E. M. R. Wyk de Vries, B. Lagmay, A. M. F.
Copyright Year	2012
Abstract	Hummocks are topographic features of large landslides and rockslide-debris avalanches common in volcanic settings. We use scaled analog models to study hummock formation and explore their importance in understanding landslide kinematics and dynamics. The models are designed to replicate large-scale volcanic collapses but are relevant also to non-volcanic settings. We characterize hummocks in terms of their evolution, spatial distribution, and internal structure from slide initiation to final arrest. Hummocks initially form by extensional faulting as a landslide begins to move. During motion, individual large blocks develop and spread, creating an initial distribution, with small hummocks at the landslide front and larger ones at the back. As the mass spreads, hummocks can get wider but may decrease in height, break up, or merge to form bigger and long anticlinal hummocks when confined. Hummock size depends on their position in the initial mass, modified by subsequent breakup or coalescence. A hummock has normal faults that flatten into low-angle detachments and merge with a basal shear zone. In areas of transverse movement within a landslide, elongate hummocks develop between strike–slip flower structures. All the model structures are consistent with field observations and suggest a general brittle-slide emplacement for most landslide avalanches. Absence of hummocks and fault-like features in the deposit may imply a more fluidal flow of emplacement or very low cohesion of lithologies. Hummocks can be used as kinematic indicators to indicate landslide evolution and reconstruct initial failures and provide a framework with which to study emplacement dynamics.
Starting Page	67
Ending Page	80
Page Count	14
File Format	PDF
ISSN	1612510X
Journal	Landslides
Volume Number	11
Issue Number	1
e-ISSN	16125118
Language	English
Publisher	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Publisher Date	2012-11-14
Publisher Place	Berlin, Heidelberg
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Hummocks Avalanche Large landslides Analog modeling Horst and graben structures Natural Hazards Geography (general) Agriculture Civil Engineering
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Geotechnical Engineering and Engineering Geology

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4	Project PI / Joint PI	Principal Investigator and Joint Principal Investigators of the project	Dr. B. Sutradhar bsutra@ndl.gov.in Prof. Saswat Chakrabarti will be added soon
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