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| Content Provider | Springer Nature Link |
|---|---|
| Author | Amiel, Ronit Benami Grodek, Tamir Frumkin, Amos |
| Copyright Year | 2010 |
| Abstract | The Gihon Spring, Jerusalem, is important for the major monotheistic religions. Its hydrogeology and hydrochemistry is studied here in order to understand urbanization effects on karst groundwater resources, and promote better water management. High-resolution monitoring of the spring discharge, temperature and electrical conductivity, was performed, together with chemical and bacterial analysis. All these demonstrate a rapid response of the spring to rainfall events and human impact. A complex karst system is inferred, including conduit flow, fissure flow and diffuse flow. Electrical conductivity, Na$^{+}$ and K$^{+}$ values (2.0 mS/cm, 130 and 50 mg/l respectively) are very high compared to other nearby springs located at the town margins (0.6 mS/cm, 15 and <1 mg/l respectively), indicating considerable urban pollution in the Gihon area. The previously cited pulsating nature of the spring was not detected during the present high-resolution monitoring. This phenomenon may have ceased due to additional water sources from urban leakage and irrigation feeding the spring. The urbanization of the recharge catchment thus affects the spring water dramatically, both chemically and hydrologically. Appropriate measures should therefore be undertaken to protect the Gihon Spring and other karst aquifers threatened by rapid urbanization.La source Gihon, Jérusalem, est importante pour les principales religions monothéistes. Son étude hydro-géologique et hydrochimique, présentée ici, veut faire comprendre les effets de l’urbanisation sur la nappe karstique et promouvoir une meilleure gestion de l’eau. Des enregistrements haute résolution du débit de la source, de sa température et de sa conductivité électrique ont été réalisés, en même temps que des analyses chimiques et bactériologiques. Cet ensemble de mesures montre une réponse rapide de la source à la pluviométrie, ainsi qu’un impact humain. On suppose l’existence d’un système karstique complexe, avec écoulement par conduit, écoulement fissural et diffus. La conductivité électrique, les concentrations Na$^{+}$ et K$^{+}$ (2.0 mS/cm, 130 and 50 mg/l respectivement) sont très élevées comparativement aux autres sources proches de la ville (0.6 mS/cm, 15 and <1 mg/l respectivement), marquant une pollution urbaine considérable dans le secteur de Gihon. Le caractère intermittent de la source antérieurement signalé n’a pas été noté durant le suivi haute résolution réalisé: le phénomène peut avoir cessé en raison d’apports d’eau complémentaires, fuite de canalisations urbaines, irrigation. L’urbanisation du bassin d’alimentation affecte ainsi l’eau de source de manière dramatique, à la fois du point de vue chimique et hydrologique. C’est pourquoi des mesures appropriées devraient être prises pour protéger la source Gihon et d’autres aquifères karstiques menacés par une urbanisation rapide.El manantial de Gihon, Jerusalén, es importante para las principales religiones monoteístas. Aquí se estudia su hidrogeología e hidrogeoquímica con el objeto de entender los efectos de la urbanización en los recursos de aguas subterráneas kársticos, y promover un mejor manejo del agua. Se llevó a cabo un monitoreo de alta resolución de la descarga, temperatura y conductividad eléctrica del manantial, conjuntamente con análisis químicos y bacteriológicos. Todo esto demuestra una rápida respuesta del manantial a los eventos lluviosos y al impacto humano. Se dedujo un sistema kárstico complejo, que incluye flujo de conducto, flujo de fisuras y flujo difuso. Los valores de la conductividad eléctrica, Na$^{+}$ y K$^{+}$ (2.0 mS/cm, 130 y 50 mg/l respectivamente) son muy altos comparados a otros manantiales cercanos localizados en las márgenes de la ciudad (0.6 mS/cm, 15 y <1 mg/l respectivamente), lo que indica una considerable contaminación urbana en el área de Gihon. La naturaleza pulsátil del manantial previamente citada no fue detectada durante el presente monitoreo de alta resolución. Este fenómeno puede haber cesado debido a la presencia de fuentes de agua adicionales de filtraciones urbanas y de la irrigación que alimentan al manantial. La urbanización de la cuenca de recarga afecta así el agua del manantial dramáticamente, tanto química como hidrológicamente. Se deben tomar por lo tanto medidas apropiadas para proteger el manantial de Gihon y otros acuíferos kárstico amenazados por la rápida urbanización.耶路撒冷Gihon泉对主要的一神教非常重要。本文对其水文地质和水化学特征进行了研究, 以弄清城市化对岩溶地下水资源的影响, 改进水管理。对泉流量、温度和电导率进行了高精度监测, 并进行了化学和细菌分析。所有数据都表明泉对降雨和人类活动影响反应灵敏。推断其为一个复杂的岩溶系统, 包括管道流、裂隙流和扩散流。电导率, Na+ 和K+ (分别为 2.0 mS/cm, 130 和50 mg/l) 与邻近的城镇边缘的其他泉 (分别为0.6 mS/cm,15和<1 mg/l) 相比非常高, 表明Gihon地区有相当严重的城市污染。在高精度监测过程中, 并未发现之前文献中所述的泉流量的脉动特征。由于城市渗漏和灌溉对泉的额外补给, 这一现象或已停止。因此, 补给流域的城市化对泉的化学和水文特征有强烈影响。因此, 应采取适当手段来保护受到急剧城市化威胁的Gihon泉及其它岩溶含水层。A nascente de Gihon, em Jerusalém, é importante para as maiores religiões monoteístas. A sua hidrogeologia e hidroquímica são estudadas no presente trabalho, de modo a entender os efeitos da urbanização nos recursos subterrâneos cársicos e para promover uma melhor gestão da água. Foram realizadas a monitorização de alta resolução do caudal da nascente, da temperatura e da conductividade eléctrica, juntamente com análises químicas e bacteriológicas. As medidas demonstram a rápida resposta da nascente aos eventos de precipitação e impacte humano. Inferiu-se um sistema cársico complexo, incluindo fluxo por condutas, fluxo por fissuras e fluxo difuso. A conductividade eléctrica, a concentração de Na$^{+}$ e de K$^{+}$ (2.0 mS/cm, 130 and 50 mg/l, respectivamente) são muito altas comparativamente a outras nascentes próximas, localizadas na periferia da cidade (0.6 mS/cm, 15 and <1 mg/l, respectivamente), indicando um nível de poluição urbana considerável na área de Gihon. O comportamento pulsante da nascente, anteriormente referido, não foi detectado durante a actual monitorização de alta resolução. Este fenómeno pode ter terminado devido a fontes de água adicionais, provenientes da infiltração de águas urbanas e de rega, que alimentam a nascente. A urbanização da bacia de recarga está a afectar dramaticamente a água da nascente, tanto a nível químico como hidrológico. Deste modo, devem ser tomadas as medidas apropriadas para proteger a Nascente de Gihon e outros aquíferos cársicos ameaçados pela rápida urbanização. |
| Starting Page | 1465 |
| Ending Page | 1479 |
| Page Count | 15 |
| File Format | |
| ISSN | 14312174 |
| Journal | Hydrogeology Journal |
| Volume Number | 18 |
| Issue Number | 6 |
| e-ISSN | 14350157 |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Publisher | Springer-Verlag |
| Publisher Date | 2010-04-13 |
| Publisher Institution | International Association of Hydrogeologists |
| Publisher Place | Berlin, Heidelberg |
| Access Restriction | One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) |
| Subject Keyword | Urban groundwater Spring hydrograph Hydrochemistry Contamination Israel Waste Water Technology Water Pollution Control Water Management Aquatic Pollution Geology Hydrogeology |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Earth and Planetary Sciences Water Science and Technology |
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