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| Content Provider | Springer Nature Link |
|---|---|
| Author | Ajdary, Khalil Kazemi, Gholam A. |
| Copyright Year | 2013 |
| Abstract | Temporal changes in the quantity and chemical status of groundwater resources must be accurately quantified to aid sustainable management of aquifers. Monitoring data show that the groundwater level in Shahrood alluvial aquifer, northeastern Iran, continuously declined from 1993 to 2009, falling 11.4 m in 16 years. This constitutes a loss of 216 million m$^{3}$ from the aquifer’s stored groundwater reserve. Overexploitation and reduction in rainfall intensified the declining trend. In contrast, the reduced abstraction rate, the result of reduced borehole productivity (related to the reduction in saturated-zone thickness over time), slowed down the declining trend. Groundwater salinity varied substantially showing a minor rising trend. For the same 16-year period, increases were recorded in the order of 24% for electrical conductivity, 12.4% for major ions, and 9.9% for pH. This research shows that the groundwater-level declining trend was not interrupted by fluctuation in rainfall and it does not necessarily lead to water-quality deterioration. Water-level drop is greater near the aquifer’s recharging boundary, while greater rates of salinity rise occur around the end of groundwater flow lines. Also, fresher groundwater experiences a greater rate of salinity increase. These findings are of significance for predicting the groundwater level and salinity of exhausted aquifers.Des variations temporelles du volume et de l’état chimique des ressources d’eau souterraine doivent être quantifiées de façon précise pour aider à la gestion durable des aquifères. Les relevés montrent que le niveau de l’aquifère alluvial de Shahrood, Nord-Est de l’Iran, a diminué de façon continue de 1993 à 2009, perdant 11.4 m en 16 ans. Ceci constitue une perte de 216 millions m$^{3}$ de réserve d’eau souterraine. La surexploitation et la diminution des précipitations ont intensifié la tendance à la baisse. Par contraste, le taux de prélèvement réduit, le résultat de la productivité réduite (relativement à la diminution de l’épaisseur de la zone non saturée dans le temps), ont ralenti la tendance à la baisse. La salinité de l’eau souterraine a varié de façon substantielle montrant une tendance à la hausse mineure. Durant la même période de 16 ans, des augmentations de l’ordre de 24 % de la conductivité électrique ont été enregistrées, 12.4 % pour les ions, majeurs et 9.9 % pour le pH. Cette recherche montre que la tendance à la diminution du niveau de la nappe n’a pas été interrompue par les fluctuations des précipitations et que celle-ci ne conduit pas nécessairement à une détérioration de la qualité de l’eau. La diminution du niveau d’eau est plus grande près de la limite de recharge de l’aquifère alors que des taux de salinité plus grands apparaissent à l’extrémité des lignes d’écoulement de l’eau souterraine. Aussi, l’eau souterraine plus récente montre une augmentation du taux de salinité plus grand. Ces découvertes sont d’importance pour prévoir le niveau de la nappe et la salinité des aquifères surexploités.Los cambios temporales en la cantidad y en el estado químico de los recursos de agua subterránea deben ser exactamente cuantificados para ayudar a un manejo sustentable de los acuíferos. Los datos monitoreados muestran que el nivel de agua subterránea en el acuífero aluvial de Shahrood, noreste de Irán, ha declinado continuamente entre 1993 y 2009, profundizándose 11.4 m en 16 años. Esto constituye una pérdida de 216 millones de m$^{3}$ de la reserva de agua subterránea almacenada en el acuífero. La sobre explotación y la reducción en las precipitaciones intensificó la tendencia declinante. En contraste, el reducido ritmo de extracción, el resultado de la productividad reducida de las perforaciones (relacionada con la reducción en el espesor de la zona saturada a lo largo del tiempo), retardaron la tendencia declinante. La salinidad del agua subterránea varió sustancialmente mostrando una pequeña tendencia al ascenso. Para el mismo periodo de 16 años, los incrementos se registraron en el orden de 24 % para la conductividad eléctrica, 12.4 % para los iones mayoritarios, y 9.9 % para el pH. Esta investigación muestra que la tendencia declinante de los niveles de agua subterránea no se interrumpió por las fluctuaciones en las precipitaciones y no necesariamente va a conducir al deterioro de la calidad del agua. La caída del nivel del agua es mayor cerca del límite de recarga del acuífero mientras que tasas mayores de aumento de la salinidad ocurren alrededor de los extremos de las líneas de flujo de agua subterránea. Además, el agua subterránea dulce experimenta una tasa mayor de incremento de la salinidad. Estos hallazgos son de significación para predecir el nivel y salinidad de agua subterránea de acuíferos agotados.地下水资源的数和化学监测状态的动态变化必须精确地定量分析, 以支持含水层的可持续管理。资料显示伊朗东北部Shahrood冲积含水层中的地下水位从1993年到2009年连续下降, 16年下降了11.4米。这使含水层储量损失了2.16亿m3。超采和雨量减少加剧了下降趋势。与此相反, 降低抽水量、减少井产水量 (与饱和带厚度的减少有关) 减缓了下降趋势。地下水盐度大幅变化, 显示盐度有轻微上升。在相同的 16年间, 电导率增加了24%, 主要离子含量增加了12.4%, pH增加了9.9%。这项研究显示地下水位下降趋势并没有因为将于的波动而中断, 也并不一定导致水质恶化。在含水层补给边界附近水位下降较大, 而盐度在地下水流末端周围上升。另外, 地下淡水的盐度也在增加。这些发现对预测面临枯竭的含水层的地下水位和盐度意义重大。برا ي مديريت پايدار سفره هاي آب زيرزميني لازم است تغييرات كمي و كيفي منابع آب زير زميني اندازه گيري شود. داده هاي اندازه گيري شده سطح آبهاي زير زميني سفره شاهرود در شمال شرق ايران نشان مي دهد كه بين سالهاي 1993 تا 2009 در مدت 16 سال سطح سفره 11/4 متر افت كرده است. اين مقدار افت معادل كاهش 216 ميليون متر مكعب آب از منابع آب منطقه مي باشد. برداشت بيش از حد ازچاه ها و كاهش بارندگي روند افت را تشديد كرده است. كاهش بارندگي باعث شد كه آبدهي چاهها پايين آمده (بعلت پايين آمدن ضخامت سفره) و روند افت نيز كاهش پيدا نمايد. شوري آب زيرزميني در سالهای مختلف متفاوت است و یک روند خفیف افزايشي را نشان مي دهد. در همان دوره 16 ساله هدايت الكتريكي 24 درصد، يونهاي اصلي 12/4 درصد وپی هاش 9/9 درصد افزايش يافته اند. نتايج تحقيق نشان داد كه روند افت سطح آب زيرزميني با تغييرات بارندگي متوقف نشده و ضرورتا منجر به تخريب كيفيت آب زير زميني نمي شود. افت سطح آب در محدوده تغذيه سفره شديدتر است درحالي كه افزايش شوري آب در انتهاي خطوط جريان بيشتر بوده است. آبهایی که قبلا رقیقتر بودند افزایش شوری آنها بیشتر بوده است. دستاوردهای این تحقیق براي پيش بيني سطح آب زيرزميني و ميزان شوري سفره هاي تخليه شده مهم میباشد.As alterações temporais da quantidade e do estado químico dos recursos hídricos subterrâneos devem ser quantificadas com rigor, de modo a auxiliar a gestão sustentável dos aquíferos. Dados de monitorização revelam que os níveis piezométricos do aquífero aluvionar de Shahrood, no nordeste do Irão, desceram continuamente desde 1993 até 2009, com uma redução de 11.4 m em 16 anos. Isto constitui uma perda de 216 milhões de m$^{3}$ da reserva de água subterrânea armazenada no aquífero. A sobreexploração e a diminuição da precipitação intensificaram a tendência de descida. Por outro lado, a redução da taxa de extração, devido à diminuição da produtividade dos furos (relacionada com a redução da espessura da zona saturada com o tempo), provocou o abrandamento da tendência de descida. A salinidade da água subterrânea variou substancialmente, mostrando uma ligeira tendência de subida. Para o referido período de 16 anos foram registados incrementos nos valores de condutividade elétrica na ordem dos 24 %, 12.4 % para os iões maioritários e 9.9 % para o pH. Esta investigação indica que a tendência de descida dos níveis piezométricos não foi interrompida pela flutuação da precipitação e não conduz necessariamente à deterioração da qualidade da água. A descida dos níveis piezométricos é mais acentuada nas proximidades da fronteira de recarga do aquífero, enquanto as taxas mais acentuadas de aumento da salinidade ocorrem próximo da zona terminal das linhas de fluxo. Adicionalmente, a água menos mineralizada revela uma taxa mais elevada do aumento da salinidade. Estes resultados são muito importantes para a predição dos níveis piezométricos e de salinidade dos aquíferos sobreexplorados. |
| Starting Page | 469 |
| Ending Page | 480 |
| Page Count | 12 |
| File Format | |
| ISSN | 14312174 |
| Journal | Hydrogeology Journal |
| Volume Number | 22 |
| Issue Number | 2 |
| e-ISSN | 14350157 |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Publisher | Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
| Publisher Date | 2013-11-26 |
| Publisher Institution | International Association of Hydrogeologists |
| Publisher Place | Berlin, Heidelberg |
| Access Restriction | One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) |
| Subject Keyword | Iran Water level decline Salinization Temporal changes Over-abstraction Hydrogeology Hydrology/Water Resources Geology Waste Water Technology Water Pollution Control Water Management Aquatic Pollution |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Earth and Planetary Sciences Water Science and Technology |
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