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Effects of fracture lineaments and in-situ rock stresses on groundwater flow in hard rocks: a case study from Sunnfjord, western Norway

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Henriksen, Helge Braathen, Alvar
Copyright Year	2005
Abstract	Systematic field mapping of fracture lineaments observed on aerial photographs shows that almost all of these structures are positively correlated with zones of high macroscopic and mesoscopic fracture frequencies compared with the surroundings. The lineaments are subdivided into zones with different characteristics: (1) a central zone with fault rocks, high fracture frequency and connectivity but commonly with mineral sealed fractures, and (2) a damage zone divided into a proximal zone with a high fracture frequency of lineament parallel, non-mineralized and interconnected fractures, grading into a distal zone with lower fracture frequencies and which is transitional to the surrounding areas with general background fracturing. To examine the possible relations between lineament architecture and in-situ rock stress on groundwater flow, the geological fieldwork was followed up by in-situ stress measurements and test boreholes at selected sites. Geophysical well logging added valuable information about fracture distribution and fracture flow at depths. Based on the studies of in-situ stresses as well as the lineaments and associated fracture systems presented above, two working hypotheses for groundwater flow were formulated: (i) In areas with a general background fracturing and in the distal zone of lineaments, groundwater flow will mainly occur along fractures parallel with the largest in-situ rock stress, unless fractures are critically loaded or reactivated as shear fractures at angles around 30° to σ$_{H}$; (ii) In the influence area of lineaments, the largest potential for groundwater abstraction is in the proximal zone, where there is a high fracture frequency and connectivity with negligible fracture fillings. The testing of the two hypotheses does not give a clear and unequivocal answer in support of the two assumptions about groundwater flow in the study area. But most of the observed data are in agreement with the predictions from the models, and can be explained by the action of the present stress field on pre-existing fractures.La cartographie systématique des linéaments de fracture observés sur les photos aériennes montrent que ces structures sont positivement corrélés avec des zones macroscopiques et mésoscopiques de fréquences notables de fracture en comparaison avec leur entourage. Les linéaments sont subdivisés en zones de différentes caractéristiques : (1) une zone centrale de roches faillées, une fréquence de fracturation importante et une certaine connectivité mais fréquemment des fractures minéralement combles (2) une zone d’accident divisée en une zone proche avec une fréquence intense de linéaments parallèles, non minéralisés et ne se recoupant pas, évoluant vers une zone de transition avec de faibles fréquences de fracturation et plus loin une zone avec un fond général de fracturation. Pour examiner la possible corrélation entre l’architecture des linéaments et le degré de stress de l’écoulement des eaux souterraines, les levés géologiques de terrain ont été complétés par des essais de stress sur les écoulements des eaux souterraines et des essais de puits sur des sites sélectionnés. Les sondages géophysiques ajoutent une information valorisante sur la distribution des fractures et l’écoulement de fracture en profondeur. Basés sur l’étude du stress in-situ ainsi que sur les linéaments et les systèmes associés de fractures présentés précédemment, deux hypothèses de travail ont été développées : (i) Dans les zones présentant un simple fond de fracturation et dans les zones de transition des linéaments, l’écoulement des eaux souterraines est localisé dans les linéaments parallèlles avec le stress in-situ le plus important, à moins que les fractures soient chargées ou réactivées comme des fractures de cisaillement avec des angles entre 30 et 0°, (ii) dans la zone d’influence des linéaments, le meilleur potentiel pour l’exploitation des eaux souterraines est dans la zone proche, où la fréquence de fracturation est très importante, de même que la connectivité, avec des remplissages de fracture négligeables. L’essais de validation de ces deux hypothèses ne donne pas une réponse claire et univoque sur les deux hypothèses de l’eau souterraine dans la zone d’étude. Néanmoins la plus part des données observées sont en accord avec la prédiction des modèles, et peuvent être expliquées par l’action de contraintes du sol sur les fractures pré-existantes.El mapeo sistemático de campo de lineamientos-fractura observados en fotografías aéreas muestra que casi todas estas estructuras se correlacionan positivamente con zonas macroscópicas y mesoscópicas de alta frecuencia de fracturamiento en comparación con los alrededores. Los lineamientos se subdividen en zonas con características distintas: (1) una zona central con rocas de falla, fracturamiento de alta frecuencia y conectividad pero frecuentemente con fracturas selladas con minerales, y (2) una zona dañada dividida en una zona próxima con fracturamiento de alta frecuencia de lineamientos paralelos, no mineralizada, y fracturas interconectadas graduando a una zona alejada con frecuencia de fracturamiento menor y la cual es transicional a las áreas vecinas con fracturamiento de fondo general. Para examinar las relaciones posibles entre la estructura de los lineamientos y los esfuerzos de la roca in-situ en el flujo de agua subterránea se continuó el trabajo geológico de campo con mediciones in-situ de esfuerzos y pruebas en pozos en sitios seleccionados. El registro geofísico de pozos agregó información valiosa acerca de la distribución de fracturas y el flujo en fracturas a profundidad. Basado en los estudios de esfuerzos in-situ así como también en los lineamientos y sistemas de fractura asociados que se presentaron arriba se han formulado dos hipótesis de trabajo para el flujo de agua subterránea: (i) en áreas con fracturamiento de fondo general y en la zona lejana de lineamientos, el flujo de agua subterránea ocurrirá principalmente a lo largo de fracturas paralelas con los esfuerzos más grandes in-situ de la roca, a menos que las fracturas estén críticamente cargadas o reactivadas como fracturas de cizalla en ángulos que varían de 30° a 0°, (ii) en el área de influencia de lineamientos, el mayor potencial para la abstracción de agua subterránea se encuentra en la zona próxima, donde existe una frecuencia de fracturamiento alta y conectividad con relleno de fracturas insignificante. La evaluación de las dos hipótesis no aporta una respuesta clara e inequívoca en apoyo de los dos supuestos acerca del flujo de agua subterránea en el área de estudio. Sin embargo, la mayoría de datos observados concuerda con las predicciones de los modelos lo cual puede explicarse por la acción del campo de esfuerzos actual sobre las fracturas preexistentes.
Starting Page	444
Ending Page	461
Page Count	18
File Format	PDF
ISSN	14312174
Journal	Hydrogeology Journal
Volume Number	14
Issue Number	4
e-ISSN	14350157
Language	English
Publisher	Springer-Verlag
Publisher Date	2005-04-09
Publisher Institution	International Association of Hydrogeologists
Publisher Place	Berlin, Heidelberg
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Fractured rocks Geophysical methods Groundwater flow Tectonics Conceptual models Waste Water Technology Water Pollution Control Water Management Aquatic Pollution Geology Hydrogeology
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Earth and Planetary Sciences Water Science and Technology

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