NDLI: Regional review: the hydrology of the Okavango Delta, Botswana

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Milzow, Christian Kgotlhang, Lesego Bauer Gottwein, Peter Meier, Philipp Kinzelbach, Wolfgang
Copyright Year	2009
Abstract	The wetlands of the Okavango Delta accommodate a multitude of ecosystems with a large diversity in fauna and flora. They not only provide the traditional livelihood of the local communities but are also the basis of a tourism industry that generates substantial revenue for the whole of Botswana. For the global community, the wetlands retain a tremendous pool of biodiversity. As the upstream states Angola and Namibia are developing, however, changes in the use of the water of the Okavango River and in the ecological status of the wetlands are to be expected. To predict these impacts, the hydrology of the Delta has to be understood. This article reviews scientific work done for that purpose, focussing on the hydrological modelling of surface water and groundwater. Research providing input data to hydrological models is also presented. It relies heavily on all types of remote sensing. The history of hydrologic models of the Delta is retraced from the early box models to state-of-the-art distributed hydrological models. The knowledge gained from hydrological models and its relevance for the management of the Delta are discussed.Les zones humides du Delta de l’Okavango abritent une multitude d’écosystèmes d’une grande diversité de faune et de flore. Ils fournissent non seulement les moyens d’existence traditionnels des communautés locales mais sont aussi à la base d’une industrie touristique qui génère des revenus substantiel pour l’ensemble du Botswana. Pour la communauté toute entière les zones humides préservent un immense réservoir de biodiversité. Du fait du développement des états en amont l’Angola et la Namibie, cependant, il faut s’attendre à des modifications dans l’utilisation de l’eau de la Rivière Okavango et dans la condition des zones humides. Afin de prévoir ces impacts il faut comprendre l’hydrologie du Delta. Cet article passe en revue le travail scientifique effectué dans ce but, en se concentrant sur la modélisation hydrologique de l’eau de surface et de l’eau souterraine. Une recherche fournissant des données d’entrée des modèles hydrologiques est aussi présentée. Elle dépend fortement de tous les types de télédétection. L’historique des modèles hydrologiques du Delta est retracé depuis les premiers modèles à resérvoirs jusqu’aux modèles hydrologiques agencés dans les règles de l’art. La connaissance obtenue à partir des modèles hydrologiques et sa pertinence pour la gestion du Delta sont débattues.Die Feuchtgebiete des Okavango Deltas umfassen eine Vielzahl an Ökosystemen und bieten damit Lebensraum für eine vielfältige Fauna und Flora. Sie bilden die traditionelle Existenzgrundlage für die einheimische Bevölkerung und sind durch die Tourismusbranche eine bedeutende Einkommensquelle für ganz Botswana. Die große Artenvielfalt der Feuchtgebiete ist von globaler Wichtigkeit. Mit der wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung in Angola und Namibia im Oberstrom sind Änderungen der Wassernutzung und damit des ökologischen Zustandes der Feuchtgebiete zu erwarten. Um diese Auswirkungen prognostizieren zu können, muss die Hydrologie der Feuchtgebiete verstanden werden. Dieser Artikel gibt eine Übersicht über die wissenschaftlichen Arbeiten zur Hydrologie des Okavango Deltas, insbesondere mit Hinblick auf die Modellierung des gekoppelten Oberflächenwasser-Grundwassersystems. Forschungsergebnisse, welche Inputdaten für die hydrologischen Modelle liefern, werden vorgestellt, Fernerkundungsmethoden spielen dabei eine wichtige Rolle. Die Entwicklung hydrologischer Modelle des Deltas von anfänglichen Boxmodellen bis zu den heutigen räumlich aufgelösten Modellen wird aufgezeigt. Die anhand der Modellierung gewonnenen Erkenntnisse und deren Bedeutung für die Wasserwirtschaft des Deltas werden erörtert.Los humedales del Delta de Okavango alojan una multitud de ecosistemas con una gran diversidad en fauna y flora. Ellos no solo proporcionan el sustento tradicional a las comunidades locales sino que también son las bases de una industria de turismo que genera un ingreso sustancial para la totalidad de Bostwana. Para la comunidad global los humedales retienen una gran asociación de biodiversidad. Sin embargo, como los estados de Angola y Namibia, situados aguas arriba, están en desarrollo, son esperables cambios en el uso del agua del Río Okavango y en el estado ecológico de los humedales. Para predecir estos impactos se debe entender la hidrología del Delta. Este artículo revee trabajos científicos hechos para este propósito, enfocándose la modelación hidrológica de aguas superficiales y subterráneas. Se presentan también investigaciones que proveen datos de ingreso al modelo. Ello fundamentalmente se basa en todo tipo de sensores remotos. La historia de los modelos hidrológicos del Delta es re-trazada a partir de los primeros modelos de caja hasta los actuales modelos hidrológicos distribuidos. Se discuten el conocimiento logrado a partir de modelos hidrológicos y su relevancia para el manejo del Delta.As zonas húmidas do Delta do Okavango comportam uma grande amplitude de ecossistemas com uma elevada diversidade faunística e florística. Estes ecossistemas não providenciam apenas o meio de vida tradicional das comunidades locais, mas são também a base de uma indústria de turismo que gera proventos substanciais para todo o Botswana. Para a comunidade global, as áreas húmidas contêm um fortíssimo nível de biodiversidade. Mas, há medida que os estados a montante, Angola e Namíbia, se desenvolvem, são de esperar alterações nas condições de uso da água do Rio Okavango e no estado ecológico das áreas húmidas. Para prever estes impactes, a hidrologia do Delta tem de ser entendida. Este artigo revê os trabalhos científicos executados para este efeito, focando-se na modelação hidrológica das águas superficiais e subterrâneas. A pesquisa conducente à obtenção de dados de base para os modelos hidrológicos é também apresentada e é fortemente baseada em todos os tipos de detecção remota. É apresentado o historial da modelação hidrogeológica do Delta, desde os primitivos modelos de caixa até aos modelos hidrológicos mais modernos. São igualmente discutidos o conhecimento obtido a partir dos modelos hidrológicos e a sua relevância para a gestão do Delta.
Starting Page	1297
Ending Page	1328
Page Count	32
File Format	PDF
ISSN	14312174
Journal	Hydrogeology Journal
Volume Number	17
Issue Number	6
e-ISSN	14350157
Language	Portuguese
Publisher	Springer-Verlag
Publisher Date	2009-02-20
Publisher Institution	International Association of Hydrogeologists
Publisher Place	Berlin, Heidelberg
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Wetlands Groundwater/surface-water interactions Water-resources conservation Regional review Botswana Waste Water Technology Water Pollution Control Water Management Aquatic Pollution Geology Hydrogeology
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Earth and Planetary Sciences Water Science and Technology

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