NDLI: The importance of unsaturated zone biogeochemical processes in determining groundwater composition, southeastern Australia

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Edwards, Matthew Webb, John
Copyright Year	2009
Abstract	Analysis of soil, soil water and groundwater in the Mount William Creek catchment, southeastern Australia, shows that Mg$^{2+}$ and Ca$^{2+}$ within infiltrating rainfall are rapidly depleted by plant uptake and adsorption on clay minerals. Na$^{+}$ and K$^{+}$ may exhibit minor enrichment at shallow depths but are quickly readsorbed, so that cation/Cl$^{–}$ ratios typical of groundwater are observed in soil water within the upper 200 cm of the soil profile for all species. The concentrations of K$^{+}$ and Ca$^{2+}$ in soil and groundwater are more depleted than Na$^{+}$ and Mg$^{2+}$ due to preferential uptake by vegetation. Removal of organic matter results in a continuing, long-term export of all major cations from the soil profiles. The processes of biogeochemical fractionation within the unsaturated zone rapidly modify the cation/Cl$^{–}$ ratios of infiltrating rainfall to values characteristic of seawater. These mechanisms may have reached steady state, because groundwaters with seawater ion/Cl$^{–}$ ratios are thousands of years old; the exchange sites on the soil clays are probably saturated, so cations supplied in rainfall are exported in organic matter and incorporated into recharge infiltrating into the groundwater. Much of the chemical evolution of groundwater traditionally attributed to processes within the aquifer is complete by the time recharge occurs; this evolutionary model may have broad application.L’analyse de sol, de l’eau contenue dans les sols ainsi que de l’eau souterraine du bassin versant d’un cours d’eau du Mont William dans le Sud-Est de l’Australie, montre que les ions Mg$^{2+}$ et Ca$^{2+}$ des eaux météoriques s’infiltrant sont rapidement consommés pour les besoins des plantes et par l’adsorption sur les minéraux argileux. Les ions Na$^{+}$ et K$^{+}$ peuvent montrer un faible enrichissement à de faible profondeur, mais sont rapidement réabsorbés, ainsi les rapports cation/Cl$^{–}$ caractéristiques des eaux souterraines sont observés dans l’eau contenue dans le sol au niveau des 200 premiers centimètres des profils de sol pour toutes les espèces. Les concentrations des ions K$^{+}$ et Ca$^{2+}$ du sol et des eaux souterraines sont davantage consommés que les ions Na$^{+}$ et Mg$^{2+}$, à cause de la consommation préférentielle par la végétation. La dissipation de la matière organique a pour conséquence un export continu sur du long terme de tous les cations majeurs des profils de sol. Les processus du fractionnement biogéochimique au sein de la zone non saturée modifient rapidement les rapports cation/Cl$^{–}$ caractéristiques d’une eau météorique d’infiltration vers des valeurs caractéristiques d’eau de mer. Ces mécanismes peuvent atteindre un état permanent, les eaux souterraines avec des rapports ion/Cl$^{–}$ caractéristiques d’une eau de mer ont des âges de plusieurs milliers d’années; les sites d’échanges au niveau des sols argileux sont probablement saturés, de ce fait, les cations fournis par les pluies sont exportés dans la matière organique et incorporés aux eaux de recharge des eaux souterraines. La plupart de l’évolution chimique des eaux souterraines traditionnellement attribuée aux processus prenant place au sein de l’aquifère est ainsi achevée au moment où la recharge de l’aquifère devient effective; ce modèle d’évolution peut répondre à de nombreuses questions hydrogéologiques.Los análisis de suelo, agua del suelo y agua subterránea en la cuenca de drenaje del Mount William Creek en el sudeste de Australia, muestran que el Mg$^{2+}$ y Ca$^{2+}$ de las lluvias que se infiltran son rápidamente agotados por la absorción de las plantas y la adsorción en minerales de las arcillas. Na$^{+}$ y K$^{+}$ pueden exhibir un menor enriquecimiento a profundidades someras pero son rápidamente readsorbidos, de manera que se observa el cociente catión/Cl$^{–}$ típico de las aguas subterráneas en el agua del suelo dentro de los 200 cm superiores del perfil de suelo para todas las especies. La concentración de K$^{+}$ y Ca$^{2+}$ en el suelo y agua subterránea se agotan en una mayor proporción que el Na$^{+}$ y Mg$^{2+}$ debido a la absorción preferencial por la vegetación. La remoción de materia orgánica resulta en una salida continua y a largo plazo de todos los cationes mayoritarios desde los perfiles de suelo. Los procesos de fraccionamiento biogeoquímico dentro de la zona no saturada modifican rápidamente el cociente catión/Cl$^{–}$ de la lluvia que se infiltra a valores característicos del agua de mar. Estos mecanismos pueden haber alcanzado el estado estacionario, porque las aguas subterráneas con cocientes ión/Cl$^{–}$ típicos del agua de mar presentan miles de años de antigüedad; los sitios de intercambio en las arcillas de los suelos están probablemente saturados, de manera que los cationes provistos en la lluvia son transferidos a materia orgánica e incorporados en la recarga por infiltración en las aguas subterráneas. Gran parte de la evolución química de las aguas subterráneas tradicionalmente atribuidas a procesos dentro del acuífero es completado en el tiempo que ocurre la recarga; este modelo evolutivo puede tener una amplia aplicación.As análises do solo, da água do solo e da água subterrânea da bacia hidrográfica de Mount William Creek, sudeste da Austrália, mostram que o Mg$^{2+}$ e o Ca$^{2+}$ da água de precipitação infiltrada são rapidamente esgotados por remoção pelas plantas e por adsorção em minerais das argilas. O Na$^{+}$ e o K$^{+}$ podem exibir um ligeiro enriquecimento a pequenas profundidades mas são rapidamente readsorvidos, de tal forma que, para todas as espécies e nos 200 cm superiores do perfil de solo, se podem observar os rácios catião/Cl$^{–}$ típicos da água subterrânea. As concentrações de K$^{+}$ e de Ca$^{2+}$ na água do solo e na água subterrânea estão mais diminuídos que as de Na$^{+}$ e de Mg$^{2+}$, devido à remoção preferencial pela vegetação. A remoção da matéria orgânica resulta numa exportação contínua e a longo prazo de todos os catiões maiores a partir dos perfis do solo. Os processos de fraccionamento biogeoquímico no seio da zona não saturada rapidamente modificam os rácios catião/Cl$^{–}$ da água de precipitação infiltrada para valores característicos da água do mar. Estes mecanismos podem ter atingido um regime estacionário, porque as águas subterrâneas com rácios ião/Cl$^{–}$ da água do mar têm milhares de anos e os locais de troca nas argilas do solo estão provavelmente saturados, pelo que os catiões fornecidos pela água da chuva são exportados na matéria orgânica e incorporados na recarga que se infiltra para a água subterrânea. Muita da evolução química da água subterrânea tradicionalmente atribuída a processos operados no seio do aquífero está completa ao tempo em que ocorre a recarga; este modelo evolutivo poderá ter amplas aplicações.
Starting Page	1359
Ending Page	1374
Page Count	16
File Format	PDF
ISSN	14312174
Journal	Hydrogeology Journal
Volume Number	17
Issue Number	6
e-ISSN	14350157
Language	Portuguese
Publisher	Springer-Verlag
Publisher Date	2009-03-27
Publisher Institution	International Association of Hydrogeologists
Publisher Place	Berlin, Heidelberg
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Unsaturated zone Cation exchange Plant uptake Hydrogeochemistry Australia Waste Water Technology Water Pollution Control Water Management Aquatic Pollution Geology Hydrogeology
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Earth and Planetary Sciences Water Science and Technology

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