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| Content Provider | Springer Nature Link |
|---|---|
| Author | Alam, N. Olsthoorn, T. N. |
| Copyright Year | 2014 |
| Abstract | In 1967, the US Geological Survey (USGS) published the results of 141 pumping tests carried out throughout the Pakistani Punjab to establish representative hydraulic parameters of its large aquifer. Many authors have since concluded that the USGS had over-estimated the horizontal hydraulic conductivity (k $_{r}$) by 25–100 %, leaving vertical anisotropy and aquifer depth unresolved. No test wells have ever been drilled below 450 m to reach the base of the aquifer, although petroleum explorations mention depths between 1,500 and 4,500 m. After comparison and re-evaluation of all related papers, this study concludes that the USGS interpretation was correct, that its hydraulic values still stand without change, and that the USGS’s applied distance drawdown interpretation is valid to prevent influence of partial penetration on the results. This study also uniquely resolved vertical anisotropy and aquifer thickness by using early- and late-time drawdowns separately and proper scaling of the coordinates, which has often been omitted. With appropriate scaling, all interpretations match the data. The representative hydraulic aquifer values are: k $_{r}$ = 65 m/d, vertical anisotropy k $_{r}$/k $_{z}$ = 25 and aquifer depth 500–1,500 m. The conclusion is that these values can be used, at least as first estimates, for groundwater studies in the Pakistani Punjab.En 1967, l’US Geological Survey (USGS) a publié les résultats de 141 tests de pompage exécutés dans tout le Pendjab Pakistanais dans le but d’établir les paramètres hydrauliques représentatifs d’un important aquifère. (De nombreux auteurs ont depuis conclu que l’USGS avait surestimé la conductivité hydraulique horizontale (k $_{r}$) de 25 à 100 %, laissant non résolue la question de l’anisotropie verticale et de la profondeur de l’aquifère. Aucun forage d’essai n’a jamais été creusé au-delà de 450 m pour atteindre la base de l’aquifère, bien que les explorations pétrolières mentionnent des profondeurs de 1,500 à 4,500 m. Après comparaison et réévaluation de tous les articles sur le sujet, l’étude conclut que l’interprétation de l’USGS est correcte, que ses valeurs hydrauliques demeurent inchangées et que son interprétation, appliquée au rabattement à distance, permet d’éviter que les résultats soient affectés par la pénétration partielle des forages. L’étude se focalise aussi particulièrement sur la question de l’anisotropie verticale et de l’épaisseur de l’aquifère, en utilisant tour à tour le rabattement initial et le rabattement final et une échelle correcte des coordonnées, qui ont souvent été omis. Avec une échelle appropriée, toutes les interprétations sont en accord avec les données. Les valeurs hydrauliques représentatives de l’aquifère sont : k $_{r}$ = 65 m/j, anisotropie verticale k $_{r}$/k $_{z}$ = 25 et profondeur de l’aquifère 500 à1,500 m. La conclusion est que ces valeurs peuvent être utilisées, au moins en première estimation, pour l’étude des eaux souterraines dans le Pendjab Pakistanais.En 1967, el US Geological Survey (USGS) publicó los resultados de 141 ensayos de bombeo llevados a cabo a lo largo del Punjab Pakistani para establecer parámetros hidráulicos representativos de su gran acuífero. Muchos autores han concluido que el USGS desde entonces ha sobreestimado la conductividad hidráulica horizontal (k $_{r}$) por 25–100 %, dejando la anisotropía vertical y la profundidad del acuífero sin resolver. Desde entonces nunca se han perforado pozos para ensayos por debajo de los 450 m para alcanzar la base del acuífero, aunque exploraciones petroleras mencionan profundidades entre 1,500 y 4,500 m. Después de la comparación y reevaluación de todas las publicaciones relacionadas, este estudio concluye que la interpretación del USGS fue correcta, que sus valores hidráulicos siguen en pie sin cambios, y que la interpretación aplicada por el USGS de la distancia de la depresión es válida para prevenir la influencia de la penetración parcial en los resultados. Este estudio también resolvió en forma única la anisotropía vertical y el espesor del acuífero usando las depresiones de tiempos tempranos y tardíos separadamente y el escaleo apropiados de coordenadas, lo cual a menudo ha sido omitido. Con un escaleo apropiado, todas las interpretaciones se corresponden con los datos. Los valores hidráulicos representativos del acuífero son: k $_{r}$ = 65 m/d, anisotropía vertical k $_{r}$/k $_{z}$ = 25 y profundidad del acuífero 500–1,500 m. La conclusión es que estos valores pueden ser usados, por lo menos como una primera aproximación, para los estudios de aguas subterráneas en el Punjab Pakistani.Em 1967 os Serviços Geológicos dos EUA (USGS) publicaram os resultados de 141 ensaios de bombeamento que foram feitos na região de Punjab, no Paquistão, para se estabelecerem parâmetros hidráulicos representativos do seu grande aquífero. Muitos autores concluíram que os USGS haviam sobrestimado a condutividade hidráulica horizontal (k $_{r}$) em 25–100 %, deixando a anisotropia vertical e a profundidade do aquífero por resolver. Nenhum furo de prospeção foi perfurado abaixo dos 450 m, de modo a alcançar a base do aquífero, apesar da exploração petrolífera mencionar profundidades entre os 1,500 e os 4,500 m. Após uma comparação e reavaliação de todos os artigos relacionados, este estudo conclui que a interpretação dos USGS estava correta, que os seus valores hidráulicos permanecem inalterados, e que a interpretação dos USGS, com uma distância aplicada para minimizar a influência da penetração parcial nos resultados, ainda é válida. Este estudo também resolveu a anisotropia vertical e a espessura do aquífero de forma única, usando dados de rebaixamento iniciais e tardios separadamente e um escalonamento apropriado das coordenadas, que havia sido muitas vezes omitido. Com a escala apropriada, todas as interpretações se ajustam aos dados. Os valores representativos dos parâmetros hidráulicos do aquífero são: k $_{r}$ = 65 m/d, anisotropia vertical k $_{r}$/k $_{z}$ = 25 e profundidade do aquífero 500–1,500 m. Conclui-se que estes valores podem ser usados, pelo menos como primeira estimativa, em estudos hidrogeológicos no Punjab Paquistanês. |
| Starting Page | 1147 |
| Ending Page | 1162 |
| Page Count | 16 |
| File Format | |
| ISSN | 14312174 |
| Journal | Hydrogeology Journal |
| Volume Number | 22 |
| Issue Number | 5 |
| e-ISSN | 14350157 |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Publisher | Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
| Publisher Date | 2014-03-19 |
| Publisher Institution | International Association of Hydrogeologists |
| Publisher Place | Berlin, Heidelberg |
| Access Restriction | One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) |
| Subject Keyword | Pakistan Pumping tests Early- and late-time drawdowns Aquifer characteristics Punjab Hydrogeology Hydrology/Water Resources Geology Waste Water Technology Water Pollution Control Water Management Aquatic Pollution |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Earth and Planetary Sciences Water Science and Technology |
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