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| Content Provider | Springer Nature Link |
|---|---|
| Author | Conway, Brian D. |
| Copyright Year | 2015 |
| Abstract | Land subsidence due to groundwater overdraft has been an ongoing problem in south-central and southern Arizona (USA) since the 1940s. The first earth fissure attributed to excessive groundwater withdrawal was discovered in the early 1950s near Picacho. In some areas of the state, groundwater-level declines of more than 150 m have resulted in extensive land subsidence and earth fissuring. Land subsidence in excess of 5.7 m has been documented in both western metropolitan Phoenix and Eloy. The Arizona Department of Water Resources (ADWR) has been monitoring land subsidence since 2002 using interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) and since 1998 using a global navigation satellite system (GNSS). The ADWR InSAR program has identified more than 25 individual land subsidence features that cover an area of more than 7,300 km$^{2}$. Using InSAR data in conjunction with groundwater-level datasets, ADWR is able to monitor land subsidence areas as well as identify areas that may require additional monitoring. One area of particular concern is the Willcox groundwater basin in southeastern Arizona, which is the focus of this paper. The area is experiencing rapid groundwater declines, as much as 32.1 m during 2005–2014 (the largest land subsidence rate in Arizona State—up to 12 cm/year), and a large number of earth fissures. The declining groundwater levels in Arizona are a challenge for both future groundwater availability and mitigating land subsidence associated with these declines. ADWR’s InSAR program will continue to be a critical tool for monitoring land subsidence due to excessive groundwater withdrawal.L’affaissement du sol en réaction à la surexploitation des eaux souterraines a été un problème récurrent dans la partie centre sud et le sud de l’Arizona (Etats-Unis) depuis les années 1940. La première fissure dans le sol attribuée à une exploitation excessive d’eau souterraine a été découverte au début des années 1950 à proximité de Picacho. Dans certaines régions de l’Etat, les baisses de niveau piézométrique de plus de 150 m ont donné lieu à un vaste affaissement du sol et une fissuration du sol. L’affaissement du sol évalué à plus de 5.7 m a été documenté à la fois dans la zone métropolitaine occidentale de Phoenix et d’Eloy. Le département des ressources en eau de l’Arizona (ADWR) a suivi les affaissements de terrain depuis 2002 en utilisant le radar interférométrique à synthèse d’ouverture (InSAR) et depuis 1998 en utilisant le système mondial de navigation par satellite (GNSS). Le programme InSAR de l’ADWR a identifié plus de 25 caractéristiques d’affaissement individuel de terrain, couvrant une surface de plus de 7,300 km$^{2}$. En utilisant les données InSAR conjointement avec l’ensemble des données de niveaux piézométriques, le ADWR est capable de suivre l’évolution des surfaces d’affaissement de terrain ainsi que d’identifier les secteurs pour lesquels une surveillance complémentaire sont nécessaires. Une zone de préoccupation est le bassin d’eau souterraine de Willcox dans le Sud-Est de l’Arizona, l’objet de cet article. La région connaît une baisse rapide des niveaux d’eau souterraine, telle que 32.1 m au cours de la période 2005–2014 (le taux d’affaissement le plus important dans l’Etat d’Arizona jusqu’à 12 cm/an), et un grand nombre de fissures dans le sol. Les baisses des niveaux piézométriques en Arizona sont un défi tant pour la disponibilité future en eau souterraine que pour l’atténuation de l’affaissement des terrains associé à ces baisses. Le programme InSAR de l’ADWR continuera d’être un outil essentiel pour la surveillance de l’affaissement des terrains à cause de la surexploitation des eaux souterraines.La subsidencia del terreno debido a la explotación del agua subterránea ha sido desde la década de 1940 un problema constante en el sur-centro y sur de Arizona (EE.UU.). La primera fisura del terreno atribuida a la extracción excesiva de agua subterránea se descubrió en la década de 1950 en las cercanías de Picacho. En algunas zonas del Estado, la profundización del nivel del agua subterránea a más de 150 m se ha traducido en una extensa subsidencia y fisuras en el terreno. Una subsidencia del terreno de más de 5.7 m se ha documentado en el oeste tanto en la zona metropolitana de Phoenix como de Eloy. El Departamento de Recursos Hídricos de Arizona (ADWR) monitoreó la subsidencia del terreno desde 2002 utilizando el radar interferométrico de apertura sintética (InSAR) y desde 1998 con el uso de un sistema satelital de navegación global (GNSS). El programa ADWR InSAR identificó más de 25 características individuales de subsidencia del terreno que cubren una superficie de más de 7,300 km$^{2}$. Con los datos de InSAR conjuntamente con los datos de nivel del agua subterránea, ADWR es capaz de monitorear las áreas de subsidencia del terreno, así como identificar las áreas que pueden requerir una supervisión adicional. Una de las áreas de especial preocupación es la cuenca de agua subterránea Willcox en el sureste de Arizona, la cual es el foco de este trabajo. La zona está experimentando descensos rápidos del agua subterránea, tanto como 32.1 m durante 2005–2014 (la mayor tasa de subsidencia del terreno en el estado de Arizona—hasta 12 cm/año), y un gran número de fisuras. La profundización de los niveles de agua subterránea en Arizona es un desafío tanto para la futura disponibilidad del agua subterránea como para la mitigación de la subsidencia del suelo asociada a estos descensos. El Programa de InSAR de ADWR continuará siendo una herramienta fundamental para el control de la subsidencia del terreno debido a la excesiva extracción del agua subterránea.由于地下水超采,自从20世纪40年代以来,美国亚利桑那州中南部和南部一直受到地面沉降的困扰。过渡开采地下水导致的第一条地裂缝于20世纪50年代早期发现于Picacho附近。在本州有些地区,地下水位降低了150米,造成了大面积的地面沉降和地裂缝。在西部城市Phoenix 和 Eloy,记载的地面沉降超过了5.7米。亚利桑那州水资源部从2002年开始采用干涉合成孔径雷达、从1998年开始采用全球导航卫星系统监测地面沉降。亚利桑那州水资源部干涉合成孔径雷达项目确定了25个地面沉降区域,总面积达7,300平方千米。采用干涉合成孔径雷达结合地下水位数据,亚利桑那州水资源部就能监测地面沉降区并确定需要进一步监测的区域。受到特别关注的一个地区就是亚利桑那州东南部的Willcox地下水盆地,这个盆地也是本文重点讨论的区域。这个区域经历了地下水位快速下降,2005年到2014年下降了32.1米(亚利桑那州最大的下降速度—每年多达12厘米),并出现了众多的地裂缝。亚利桑那州仍在下降的地下水位对于将来地下水可用性和缓解地下水位下降导致的地面沉降是一个挑战。亚利桑那州水资源部干涉合成孔径雷达项目在监测由于过渡开采地下水导致的地面沉降方面仍将发挥重要的作用。A subsidência de terra devido à superexploração da água subterrânea tem sido um problema recorrente no centro-sul e no sul do Arizona (EUA) desde a década de 1940. A primeira fissura terrestre atribuída à extração excessiva de água subterrânea foi descoberta no início da década de 1950 próximo a Picacho. Em algumas áreas do estado, o rebaixamento no nível de água subterrânea de mais de 150 m resultou em fissuramento e extensiva subsidência de terreno. Subsidência de terreno excedendo 5.7 m tem sido documentada tanto no oeste metropolitano de Phoenix quanto em Eloy. O Departamento de Recursos Hídricos do Arizona (Arizona Department of Water Resources – ADWR) tem monitorado a subsidência de terreno desde 2002 utilizando interferometria por radar de abertura sintética (interferometric synthetic aperture radar – InSAR) e, desde 1998, por meio de um sistema de navegação global por satélite (GNSS). Por meio do InSAR, o ADWR identificou mais de 25 traços individuais de subsidência de terreno que cobrem uma área de mais de 7,300 km$^{2}$. Ao combinar dados InSAR com dados de níveis das águas subterrâneas, o ADWR é capaz de monitorar áreas de subsidência de terreno bem como identificar áreas que possam requerer um monitoramento adicional. Uma área de particular interesse é a bacia de águas subterrâneas de Willcox, no sudeste do Arizona, que é o foco desse trabalho. Nessa área, tem sido observado um rápido declínio das águas subterrâneas, de até 32.1 m entre 2005 e 2014 (a maior taxa subsidência de terra no Estado do Arizona—até 12 cm/ano), e um grande número de fissuras terrestres. Os níveis das águas subterrâneas em declínio no Arizona são um desafio tanto para a disponibilidade futura de água subterrânea quanto para a mitigação da subsidência de terra associada a esses declínios. O programa do InSAR conduzido pelo ADWR continuará sendo uma ferramenta fundamental para o monitoramento da subsidência de terra devido à extração excessiva de águas subterrâneas. |
| Starting Page | 649 |
| Ending Page | 655 |
| Page Count | 7 |
| File Format | |
| ISSN | 14312174 |
| Journal | Hydrogeology Journal |
| Volume Number | 24 |
| Issue Number | 3 |
| e-ISSN | 14350157 |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Publisher | Springer Berlin Heidelberg |
| Publisher Date | 2015-10-30 |
| Publisher Institution | International Association of Hydrogeologists |
| Publisher Place | Berlin, Heidelberg |
| Access Restriction | One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) |
| Subject Keyword | Subsidence Geohazards InSAR Earth fissures USA Hydrogeology Hydrology/Water Resources Geology Water Quality/Water Pollution Geophysics/Geodesy Waste Water Technology Water Pollution Control Water Management Aquatic Pollution |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Earth and Planetary Sciences Water Science and Technology |
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