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| Content Provider | Springer Nature Link |
|---|---|
| Author | Ali, S. Stute, M. Torgersen, T. Winckler, G. Kennedy, B. M. |
| Copyright Year | 2010 |
| Abstract | $^{4}$He accumulated in fluids is a well established geochemical tracer used to study crustal fluid dynamics. Direct fluid samples are not always collectable; therefore, a method to extract rare gases from matrix fluids of whole rocks by diffusion has been adapted. Helium was measured on matrix fluids extracted from sandstones and mudstones recovered during the San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth (SAFOD) drilling in California, USA. Samples were typically collected as subcores or from drillcore fragments. Helium concentration and isotope ratios were measured 4–6 times on each sample, and indicate a bulk $^{4}$He diffusion coefficient of 3.5 ± 1.3 × 10$^{–8}$ cm$^{2}$ s$^{–1}$ at 21°C, compared to previously published diffusion coefficients of 1.2 × 10$^{–18}$ cm$^{2}$ s$^{–1}$ (21°C) to 3.0 × 10$^{–15}$ cm$^{2}$ s$^{–1}$ (150°C) in the sands and clays. Correcting the diffusion coefficient of $^{4}$He$_{water}$ for matrix porosity (∼3%) and tortuosity (∼6–13) produces effective diffusion coefficients of 1 × 10$^{–8}$ cm$^{2 }$s$^{–1}$ (21°C) and 1 × 10$^{–7}$ (120°C), effectively isolating pore fluid $^{4}$He from the $^{4}$He contained in the rock matrix. Model calculations indicate that <6% of helium initially dissolved in pore fluids was lost during the sampling process. Complete and quantitative extraction of the pore fluids provide minimum in situ porosity values for sandstones 2.8 ± 0.4% (SD, n = 4) and mudstones 3.1 ± 0.8% (SD, n = 4).L’hélium $^{4}$He contenu dans les fluides est un traceur géochimique couramment utilisé pour étudier la dynamique des fluides crustaux. La collecte directe d’échantillons de fluide n’est pas toujours possible; c’est pourquoi une méthode d’extraction des gaz rares des fluides matriciels sur roche totale par diffusion a été mise au point. L’hélium a été dosé sur des fluides matriciels extraits de grès et argilites collectés durant le forage du San Andreas Fault Observatory à Depth (SAFOD) en Californie, USA. Les échantillons collectés sont des débris de forage ou des fragments de carotte. La concentration en hélium et les ratios isotopiques mesurés 4 à 6 fois sur chaque échantillon indiquent des coefficients de diffusion de l’ordre de 3.5 ± 1.3 × 10$^{–8}$ cm$^{2}$ s$^{–1}$ à 21°C dans les sables et argiles, à comparer avec les coefficients de diffusion précédemment publiés de 1.2 × 10$^{–18}$ cm$^{2 }$s$^{–1}$ (21°C) à 3.0 × 10$^{–15}$ cm$^{2 }$s$^{–1}$ (150°C) dans les sables et argiles. La correction du coefficient de diffusion de $^{4}$He$_{eau}$ pour une porosité matricielle de l’ordre de 3% et une tortuosité de l’ordre de 6–13 donne des coefficients de diffusion de 1 × 10$^{–8}$ cm$^{ 2}$ s$^{–1}$ (21°C) et 1 × 10$^{–7}$ (120°C), correspondant à $^{4}$He effectivement extrait du fluide matriciel. Une modélisation indique que moins de 6% de l’hélium primitivement dissous dans les fluides interstitiels a été perdu durant le processus d’échantillonnage. L’extraction complète des fluides interstitiels fournit des valeurs maximales de porosité in situ de 2.8 ± 0.4% (SD, n = 4) pour les grès et 3.1 ± 0.8% (SD, n = 4) pour les argilites.El $^{4}$He acumulado en los fluidos es un trazador geoquímico bien establecido usado para estudiar la dinámica de fluido en la corteza. Las muestras directas de fluido no son siempre posibles de recolectar, por lo tanto se adoptó un método para extraer gases raros a partir de la matriz de fluidos por difusión de la totalidad de las rocas. El helio fue medido en la matriz de fluidos extraído de areniscas y fangolitas recuperadas durante las perforaciones del Observatorio en Profundidad de la Falla de San Andrés (SAFOD) en California (EEUU). Las muestras fueron típicamente recolectadas como subtestigos a partir de fragmentos de testigos de perforaciones. Los cocientes de la concentración de helio y los isótopos se midieron de 4 a 6 veces en cada muestra, e indicaron un coeficiente de bulto de difusión de $^{4}$He de 3.5 ± 1.3 × 10$^{–8}$ cm$^{2}$ s$^{–1}$ a 21°C, comparado con coeficientes de difusión previamente publicados de 1.2 × 10$^{–18}$ cm$^{2 }$s$^{–1}$ (21°C) a 3.0 × 10$^{–15}$ cm$^{2}$ s$^{–1}$ (150°C) en las arenas y las arcillas. La corrección del coeficiente de difusión de $^{4}$He$_{agua}$ para una porosidad de la matriz (∼3%) y una tortuosidad (∼6–13) produce un coeficiente de difusión efectiva de 1 × 10$^{–8}$ cm$^{2}$ s$^{–1}$ (21°C) y 1 × 10$^{–7}$ (120°C), aislando efectivamente el flujo poral de $^{4}$He a partir del $^{4}$He contenido en la matriz de la roca. Los cálculos del modelo indican que <6% del helio inicialmente disuelto en el flujo poral se perdió durante los procesos de muestreo. La extracción completa y cuantitativa de los flujos porales proveen valores de porosidad mínima in situ para las areniscas de 2.8 ± 0.4% (DS, n = 4) y fangolitas 3.1 ± 0.8% (DS, n = 4).流体中的$^{4}$He是一 用于研究地壳流体动力学的成熟的地球化学示踪剂, 但并不总是能直接采集到流体样品,故采用一种可通过扩散从骨架流体中提取稀有气体的方法.从美国加利福尼亚圣安德烈斯断裂深部观测站钻取的砂岩和泥岩中取得了骨架流体, 并对其进行了氦测试。样品主要为岩芯子段或钻孔岩芯碎片. 对每个样品的氦浓度和同位素比值进行4-6次测试. 结果显示, 在21°C时4He的整体扩散系数为3.5 ± 1.3×10$^{-8}$cm$^{2}$s$^{-1}$, 而已发表的砂岩和粘土中的扩散系数为1.2×10$^{-18}$cm$^{2}$s$^{-1}$ (21°C) 到3.0×10-15cm$^{2}$s$^{-01}$ (150°C). 对4He水的扩散系数进行骨架孔隙度 (∼3%) 和曲折度 (∼6-13) 校正, 得到有效扩散系数为1×10$^{-8}$ cm$^{2}$s$^{-1}$ (21°C) 和1×10$^{-7}$ (120°C), 有效地将孔隙流体中的$^{4}$He从岩石骨架中的$^{4}$He区分出来. 模型计算表明, 在取样过程中发生散失的初始溶于孔隙流体中的氦 < 6%. 通过完全、定量的孔隙流体提取, 获得了原位孔隙度的最小估计值, 其中砂岩为2.8 ± 0.4% (s.d., n = 4), 泥岩为3.1 ± 0.8% (s.d., n = 4).O $^{4}$He acumulado em fluidos é um traçador geoquímico bem conhecido usado para estudar a dinâmica dos fluidos crustais. Pelo facto de nem sempre ser possível recolher amostras directas de fluido, foi adaptado um método que permite a extracção de gases raros, por difusão, a partir de fluidos da matriz das rochas. O conteúdo em hélio foi medido em fluidos de matriz extraídos de arenitos e argilitos recolhidos durante perfurações executadas pelo Observatório de Profundidade da Falha de Santo André (San Andreas Fault Observatory at Depth, SAFOD) na Califórnia, EUA. As amostras foram tipicamente recolhidas a partir de sub-carotes ou a partir de fragmentos de sondagem. Concentrações de hélio e relações de isótopos foram medidos entre 4 a 6 vezes em cada amostra e indicam um coeficiente de difusão de $^{4}$He de 3.5 ± 1.3 × 10$^{–8}$ cm$^{2}$ s$^{–1}$ a 21°C, comparados com os coeficientes de difusão previamente publicados de 1.2 × 10$^{–18}$ cm$^{2}$ s$^{–1}$ (21°C) a 3.0 × 10$^{–15}$ cm$^{2 }$s$^{–1}$ (150°C) em areias e argilas. A correcção do coeficiente de difusão do $^{4}$He$_{água}$ para a porosidade da matriz (∼3%) e tortuosidade (∼6–13) produz coeficientes de difusão efectiva de 1 × 10$^{–8}$ cm$^{2}$ s$^{–1}$ (21°C) e 1 × 10$^{–7}$ (120°C), isolando efectivamente o $^{4}$He do fluido dos poros do $^{4}$He contido na matriz rochosa. Cálculos usando modelos indicam que <6% do hélio inicialmente dissolvido nos fluidos dos poros foi perdido durante o processo de amostragem. A extracção completa e quantitativa dos fluidos porosos indica um mínimo de valores da porosidade in situ para os arenitos de 2.8 ± 0.4% (DP, n = 4) e para os argilitos de 3.1 ± 0.8% (DP, n = 4). |
| Starting Page | 237 |
| Ending Page | 247 |
| Page Count | 11 |
| File Format | |
| ISSN | 14312174 |
| Journal | Hydrogeology Journal |
| Volume Number | 19 |
| Issue Number | 1 |
| e-ISSN | 14350157 |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Publisher | Springer-Verlag |
| Publisher Date | 2010-09-15 |
| Publisher Institution | International Association of Hydrogeologists |
| Publisher Place | Berlin, Heidelberg |
| Access Restriction | One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) |
| Subject Keyword | Stable isotopes Pore fluids Porosity Tortuosity USA Waste Water Technology Water Pollution Control Water Management Aquatic Pollution Geology Hydrogeology |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Earth and Planetary Sciences Water Science and Technology |
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