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| Content Provider | Springer Nature Link |
|---|---|
| Author | Terry, James P. Falkland, Anthony C. |
| Copyright Year | 2009 |
| Abstract | A category 5 tropical cyclone swept a storm surge across remote Pukapuka Atoll in the Northern Cook Islands (South Pacific Ocean) in late February 2005. Groundwater salinity (specific conductance) observations are reported for the 2-year post-storm period, with the aim of investigating the effects of saltwater intrusion on thin freshwater lenses within the atoll islets. This is the first article to present field observations of such an event. Specific conductance at shallow depths increased dramatically from potable conditions (approximately 1,000 μS/cm) to brackish levels unsuitable for drinking (up to 10,000 μS/cm) shortly after the cyclone. Subsequently, the freshwater lenses required 11 months to recover. Within the thickest aquifer, a well-defined saline plume formed at 6 m depth, sandwiching a freshwater layer beneath it and the base of the lens. Plume dispersal proceeded only gradually, owing to its formation at the start of the SW Pacific regional dry season and the low tidal range on Pukapuka. Consequently, the remnant of the plume was still present 26 months after the saltwater incursion. An important finding was that the freshwater horizon preserved at depth maintained salinity levels below 1,800 μS/cm (i.e. within usable limits) for at least 5 months after surface overwash.Un cyclone tropical d’intensité 5 a provoqué fin février 2005 une vague submergeant le lointain atoll Pukapuka, au Nord des Iles Cook (Océan Pacifique Sud). Des observations sur la salinité de la nappe (conductivité spécifique) ont été enregistrées durant les deux années qui ont suivi l’épisode cyclonique, dans le but de comprendre l’effet de l’intrusion d’eau salée sur les minces lentilles d’eau douce des îlots à l’intérieur de l’atoll. Cet article est le premier à présenter des observations de terrain sur un tel évènement. Peu après le cyclone, la conductivité spécifique de l’eau à faible profondeur a augmenté de façon dramatique, d’un niveau potable (approximativement 1,000 μS/cm ) à des niveaux saumâtres (jusqu’à 10,000 μS/cm ) impropres à la consommation. Par la suite, il a fallu 11 mois pour que les lentilles d’eau douce se reconstituent intégralement. A l’intérieur de l’aquifère le plus épais, un panache bien délimité d’eau saline localisé à 6 m de profondeur a pris en sandwich un niveau d’eau douce limité par la base de la lentille. La dispersion du panache ne s’est effectuée que progressivement, en raison de sa formation en début de saison sèche du Pacifique SW et de la faible amplitude des marées à Pukapuka. Par suite, le reste du panache était encore présent 26 mois après l’incursion saline. Une découverte importante fut que le niveau d’eau douce préservé en profondeur a conservé des niveaux de salinité inférieurs à 1,800 μS/cm (i.e. dans des limites d’utilisation) pendant au moins cinq mois après la lame de submersion.Un ciclón tropical de categoría 5 provocó un onda de tormenta a través del atolón remoto de Pukapuka en el Norte de las Northern Cook Islands (Océano Pacífico Sur) en febrero de 2005. Se reportan las observaciones de salinidad del agua subterránea (conductividad específica) correspondientes a un período de 2 años posteriores a la tormenta, con el objeto de investigar los efectos de la intrusión de agua salada en las delgadas lentes de agua dulce dentro de las isletas del atolón. Este es el primer artículo que presenta observaciones de campo de tal evento. La conductividad específica en las profundidades someras se incrementó dramáticamente desde las condiciones de potabilidad (aproximadamente 1,000 μS/cm) a niveles de agua salobre inaptos para beber (hasta 10,000 μS/cm) poco tiempo después del ciclón. Subsecuentemente, las lentes de agua dulce requirieron 11 meses para recuperarse por completo. Dentro del acuífero de mayor espesor una bien definida pluma salina se formó a 6 m de profundidad, aprisionando una capa de agua dulce debajo de ella y la base de la lente. La dispersión de la pluma se produjo solo gradualmente, debido a su formación en el comienzo de la estación seca de la región del SO del Pacífico y la baja amplitud de marea en Pukapuka. Consecuentemente, el remanente de la pluma estuvo aún presente 26 meses después de la intrusión de agua salada. Un hallazgo importante fue que el horizonte de agua dulce preservó su profundidad manteniendo niveles de salinidad por debajo 1,800 μS/cm (es decir dentro de los límites para el uso) por lo menos 5 meses después del sobrelavado superficial.2005年2月末, 5级龙卷风所致风暴潮侵袭北库克群岛 (南太平洋) Pukapuka环礁。此后两年间对地下水的盐度 (比电导) 进行了监测, 以研究咸水入侵对环礁小岛薄层淡水透镜体的影响。本文是研究此种事件的首篇文章。龙卷风过后, 浅部饮用水 (约1,000 μS/cm) 变为不适合引用的咸水 (达10,000 μS/cm) , 比电导增加显著。11个月后, 淡水透镜体方完全恢复。最厚的含水层中, 地下6m深度出现一个被很好刻画了的咸水晕, 夹在其下的淡水层和透镜体底部之间。由于其形成于西南太平洋地区旱季开始和Pukapuka低潮差之时, 晕的扩散是逐渐发生的。结果, 晕的残余在咸水入侵26个月之后依然存在。一个重要的发现是, 深部盐度低于1,800 μS/cm (在可利用限值内) 淡水带在越浪发生之后至少保留了5个月。Em fins de Fevereiro de 2005, um ciclone tropical de Categoria 5 gerou uma maré ciclónica que atravessou o remoto Atol de Pukapuka, nas Ilhas Cook do Norte (Pacífico Sul). No período de dois anos posterior à tempestade registaram-se as observações de salinidade da água subterrânea (condutância específica), com o objectivo de investigar os efeitos da intrusão salina nas delgadas lentes de água doce do interior dos ilhéus. Este é o primeiro artigo a apresentar observações de campo deste tipo de evento. A condutância específica a pequenas profundidades aumentou fortemente desde condições de potabilidade (aproximadamente 1,000 μS/cm) até níveis salobros impróprios para consumo (até 10,000 μS/cm) pouco tempo depois do ciclone. Subsequentemente, as lentes de água subterrânea precisaram de 11 meses para recuperar completamente. No seio do aquífero mais espesso formou-se uma pluma salina bem definida, à profundidade de 6 m, ensanduichando uma camada de água doce entre a sua base e a base da lente. A dispersão da pluma prosseguiu muito gradualmente, dado que se formou no início da estação seca regional do Pacífico SW e numa altura de baixa amplitude das marés em Pukapuka. Consequentemente, os resquícios da pluma estavam ainda presentes 26 meses depois da invasão salina. Uma descoberta importante é que o horizonte de água doce preservado em profundidade manteve níveis de salinidade abaixo de 1,800 μS/cm (i.e. dentro de limites de consumo) até pelo menos cinco meses depois da submersão da superfície. |
| Starting Page | 749 |
| Ending Page | 759 |
| Page Count | 11 |
| File Format | |
| ISSN | 14312174 |
| Journal | Hydrogeology Journal |
| Volume Number | 18 |
| Issue Number | 3 |
| e-ISSN | 14350157 |
| Language | Portuguese |
| Publisher | Springer-Verlag |
| Publisher Date | 2009-11-27 |
| Publisher Institution | International Association of Hydrogeologists |
| Publisher Place | Berlin, Heidelberg |
| Access Restriction | One Nation One Subscription (ONOS) |
| Subject Keyword | South Pacific Island hydrology Salt-water/fresh-water relations Overwash Freshwater lens Waste Water Technology Water Pollution Control Water Management Aquatic Pollution Geology Hydrogeology |
| Content Type | Text |
| Resource Type | Article |
| Subject | Earth and Planetary Sciences Water Science and Technology |
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