NDLI: EAAT expression by macrophages and microglia: still more questions than answers

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Gras, Gabriel Samah, Boubekeur Hubert, Audrey Léone, Cathie Porcheray, Fabrice Rimaniol, Anne Cécile
Copyright Year	2011
Abstract	Glutamate is the main excitatory amino acid, but its presence in the extracellular milieu has deleterious consequences. It may induce excitotoxicity and also compete with cystine for the use of the cystine–glutamate exchanger, blocking glutathione neosynthesis and inducing an oxidative stress-induced cell death. Both mechanisms are critical in the brain where up to 20% of total body oxygen consumption occurs. In normal conditions, the astrocytes ensure that extracellular concentration of glutamate is kept in the micromolar range, thanks to their coexpression of high-affinity glutamate transporters (EAATs) and glutamine synthetase (GS). Their protective function is nevertheless sensitive to situations such as oxidative stress or inflammatory processes. On the other hand, macrophages and microglia do not express EAATs and GS in physiological conditions and are the principal effector cells of brain inflammation. Since the late 1990s, a number of studies have now shown that both microglia and macrophages display inducible EAAT and GS expression, but the precise significance of this still remains poorly understood. Brain macrophages and microglia are sister cells but yet display differences. Both are highly sensitive to their microenvironment and can perform a variety of functions that may oppose each other. However, in the very particular environment of the healthy brain, they are maintained in a repressed state. The aim of this review is to present the current state of knowledge on brain macrophages and microglial cells activation, in order to help clarify their role in the regulation of glutamate under pathological conditions as well as its outcome.
Starting Page	221
Ending Page	229
Page Count	9
File Format	PDF
ISSN	09394451
Journal	Amino Acids
Volume Number	42
Issue Number	1
e-ISSN	14382199
Language	English
Publisher	Springer Vienna
Publisher Date	2011-03-05
Publisher Place	Vienna
Access Restriction	Subscribed
Subject Keyword	Microglia Macrophage EAAT xCT Glutamate Glutathione Neuroinflammation Biochemical Engineering Biochemistry Analytical Chemistry Neurobiology Proteomics Life Sciences
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Organic Chemistry Biochemistry Clinical Biochemistry

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