NDLI: Estimation of the distribution of intramuscular current during electrical stimulation of the quadriceps muscle

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	Petrofsky, Jerrold Prowse, Michelle Bain, Melanie Ebilane, Elaine Suh, Hye Jin Batt, Jennifer Lawson, Daryl Hernandez, Viviana Abdo, Armia Yang, Tien ning Mendoza, Enrique Collins, Kelly Laymon, Michael
Copyright Year	2008
Abstract	Electrical stimulation is commonly used for strengthening muscle but little evidence exists as to the optimal electrode size, waveform, or frequency to apply. Three male and three female subjects (22–40 years old) were examined during electrical stimulation of the quadriceps muscle. Two self adhesive electrode sizes were examined, 2 cm × 2 cm and 2 cm × 4 cm. Electrical stimulation was applied with square and sine waveforms, currents of 5, 10 and 15 mA, and pulse widths of 100–500 μs above the quadriceps muscle. Frequencies of stimulation were 20, 30, and 50 Hz. Current on the skin above the quadriceps muscle was measured with surface electrodes at five positions and at three positions with needle electrodes in the same muscle. Altering pulse width in the range of 100–500 μs, the frequency over a range of 20–50 Hz, or current from 5 to 15 mA had no effect on current dispersion either in the skin or within muscle. In contrast, the distance separating the electrodes caused large changes in current dispersion on the skin or into muscle. The most significant finding in the present investigation was that, while on the surface of the skin current dispersion was not different between sine and square wave stimulation, significantly more current was transferred deep in the muscle with sine versus square wave stimulation. The use of sine wave stimulation with electrode separation distances of less then 15 cm is recommended for electrical stimulation with a sine wave to achieve deep muscle stimulation.
Starting Page	265
Ending Page	273
Page Count	9
File Format	PDF
ISSN	14396319
Journal	European Journal of Applied Physiology
Volume Number	103
Issue Number	3
e-ISSN	14396327
Language	English
Publisher	Springer-Verlag
Publisher Date	2008-02-23
Publisher Place	Berlin/Heidelberg
Access Restriction	One Nation One Subscription (ONOS)
Subject Keyword	Electrical stimulation Exercise Exertion Physical therapy Sports Medicine Occupational Medicine/Industrial Medicine Human Physiology
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Orthopedics and Sports Medicine Physiology (medical) Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health Sports Science

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