NDLI: Glycosaminoglycan polysaccharide biosynthesis and production: today and tomorrow

Content Provider	Springer Nature Link
Author	DeAngelis, Paul L.
Copyright Year	2012
Abstract	Glycosaminoglycans [GAGs] are essential heteropolysaccharides in vertebrate tissues that are also, in certain cases, employed as virulence factors by microbes. Hyaluronan [HA], heparin, and chondroitin sulfate [CS] are GAGs currently used in various medical applications and together are multi-billion dollar products thus targets for production by animal-free manufacture. By using bacteria as the source of GAGs, the pathogen’s sword may be converted into a plowshare to help avoid potential liabilities springing from the use of animal-derived GAGs including adventitious agents (e.g., prions, pathogens), antigenicity, degradation of the environment, and depletion of endangered species. HA from microbes, which have a chemical structure identical to human HA, has already been commercialized and sold at the ton-scale. Substantial progress towards microbial heparin and CS has been made, but these vertebrate polymers are more complicated structurally than the unsulfated bacterial polysaccharide precursors thus require additional processing steps. This review provides an overview of GAG structure, medical applications, microbial biosynthesis, and the state of bacterial GAG production systems. Representatives of all glycosyltransferase enzymes that polymerize the sugar chains of the three main GAGs have been identified and serve as the core technology to harness, but the proteins involved in sugar precursor formation and chain export steps of biosynthesis are also essential to the GAG production process. In addition, this review discusses future directions and potential important issues. Overall, this area is poised to make great headway to produce safer (both increased purity and more secure supply chains) non-animal GAG-based therapeutics.
Starting Page	295
Ending Page	305
Page Count	11
File Format	PDF
ISSN	01757598
Journal	Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
Volume Number	94
Issue Number	2
e-ISSN	14320614
Language	English
Publisher	Springer-Verlag
Publisher Date	2012-03-06
Publisher Place	Berlin, Heidelberg
Access Restriction	Subscribed
Subject Keyword	Polysaccharide Capsule Synthase Glycosyltransferase Hyaluronan Heparin Chondroitin Microbiology Biotechnology Microbial Genetics and Genomics
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Medicine Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Biotechnology

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Analysis of the two active sites of the hyaluronan synthase and the chondroitin synthase of Pasteurella multocida

Production of chondroitin sulfate and chondroitin

Monosaccharide precursors for boosting chondroitin-like capsular polysaccharide production

In vitro synthesis of heparosan using recombinant Pasteurella multocida heparosan synthase PmHS2

IS2-mediated overexpression of kfoC in E. coli K4 increases chondroitin-like capsular polysaccharide production

Production of capsular polysaccharide from Escherichia coli K4 for biotechnological applications

Cell-based high-throughput screening of polysaccharide biosynthesis hosts

A strategy for cloning glycosyltransferase genes involved in natural product biosynthesis

Thymidyl biosynthesis enzymes as antibiotic targets

Glycosaminoglycan polysaccharide biosynthesis and production: today and tomorrow

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Glycosaminoglycan polysaccharide biosynthesis and production: today and tomorrow