NDLI: Growth of rutile TiO<sub>2</sub> on the convex surface of nanocylinders: from nanoneedles to nanorods and their electrochemical properties

Content Provider	Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Author	Kong, Junhua Phua, Si Lei Lu, Xuehong Yee, Wu Aik Toh, Meng Yew Zhou, Dan Wei, Yuefan Dong, Yuliang Zhao, Chenyang
Copyright Year	2014
Abstract	In this work, bundles of rutile TiO2 nanoneedles/nanorods are hydrothermally grown on carbon nanofibers (CNFs), forming free-standing mats consisting of three dimensional hierarchical nanostructures (TiO2-on-CNFs). Morphologies and structures of the TiO2-on-CNFs are studied using a field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Their electrochemical properties as electrodes in lithium ion batteries (LIBs) are investigated and correlated with the morphologies and structures. It is shown that the lateral size of the TiO2 nanoneedles/nanorods ranges from a few nanometers to tens of nanometers, and increases with the hydrothermal temperature. Small interspaces are observed between individual nanoneedles/nanorods, which are due to the diverging arrangement of nanoneedles/nanorods induced by growing on the convex surface of nanocylinders. It is found that the growth process can be divided into two stages: initial growth on the CNF surface and further growth upon re-nucleation on the TiO2 bundles formed in the initial growth stage. In order to achieve good electrochemical performance in LIBs, the size of the TiO2 nanostructures needs to be small enough to ensure complete alloying and fast charge transport, while the further growth stage has to be avoided to realize direct attachment of TiO2 nanostructures on the CNFs, facilitating electron transport. The sample obtained after hydrothermal treatment at 130 °C for 2 h (TiO2-130-2) shows the above features and hence exhibits the best cyclability and rate capacity among all samples; the cyclability and rate capacity of TiO2-130-2 are also superior to those of other rutile TiO2-based LIB electrodes.
Starting Page	4352
Ending Page	4360
Page Count	9
File Format	HTM / HTML PDF
ISSN	20403364
Volume Number	6
Issue Number	8
Journal	Nanoscale
DOI	10.1039/c3nr04308h
Language	English
Publisher	Royal Society of Chemistry
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	X-ray crystallography Transmission electron microscopy Hydrothermal circulation Electrochemistry Ion CNF Titanium dioxide Carbon Scanning electron microscope Diffractometer
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

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