NDLI: Direct observation of an inhomogeneous chlorine distribution in CH3NH3PbI3−xClx layers: surface depletion and interface enrichment

Content Provider	Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Author	Bär, Marcus Handick, Evelyn Köhler, Leonard Gorgoi, Mihaela Wilks, Regan G. Snaith, Henry J. Sadoughi, Golnaz Alsmeier, Jan H. Starr, David E.
Copyright Year	2015
Abstract	We have used hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) at different photon energies and fluorescence yield X-ray absorption spectroscopy (FY-XAS) to non-destructively investigate CH3NH3PbI3−xClx perovskite thin films on compact TiO2. This combination of spectroscopic techniques allows the variation of information depth from the perovskite layer surface to the top-most part of the underlying compact TiO2 layer. We have taken advantage of this to understand the distribution of chlorine throughout the perovskite/TiO2 layer stack. No Cl is detected using HAXPES, indicating surface depletion of Cl and allowing us to place an upper limit on the amount of Cl in the perovskite layer: x < 0.07 and x < 0.40 to depths of ∼10 nm and ∼26 nm, respectively, beneath the perovskite film surface. Our FY-XAS results, however, demonstrate that there is a higher average concentration of Cl throughout the perovskite layer than at the surface (x > 0.40) consistent with both enhanced concentrations of Cl deep beneath the perovskite film surface and near the CH3NH3PbI3−xClx perovskite/TiO2 interface. The consequences of this distribution of Cl in the CH3NH3PbI3−xClx perovskite layer on device performance are discussed.
Starting Page	1609
Ending Page	1615
Page Count	7
File Format	HTM / HTML PDF
ISSN	17545692
Volume Number	8
Issue Number	5
Journal	Energy & Environmental Science
DOI	10.1039/c5ee00403a
Language	English
Publisher	Royal Society of Chemistry
Access Restriction	Open
Subject Keyword	X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy Photoemission spectroscopy Photon Fluorescence X-ray absorption spectroscopy Absorption spectroscopy Perovskite Chlorine
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Environmental Chemistry Pollution Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment Nuclear Energy and Engineering

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