NDLI: Recent Developments in β-Cell Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells Induced by Small and Large Molecules

Content Provider	PubMed Central
Author	Kumar, S. Suresh Alarfaj, Abdullah A. Munusamy, Murugan A. Singh, A. J. A. Ranjith Peng, I-chia Priya, Sivan Padma Awang, Hamat Rukman Higuchi, Akon
Editor	Tan, Aaron
Copyright Year	2014
Abstract	Human pluripotent stem cells, including human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs), hold promise as novel therapeutic tools for diabetes treatment because of their self-renewal capacity and ability to differentiate into beta (β)-cells. Small and large molecules play important roles in each stage of β-cell differentiation from both hESCs and hiPSCs. The small and large molecules that are described in this review have significantly advanced efforts to cure diabetic disease. Lately, effective protocols have been implemented to induce hESCs and human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) to differentiate into functional β-cells. Several small molecules, proteins, and growth factors promote pancreatic differentiation from hESCs and hMSCs. These small molecules (e.g., cyclopamine, wortmannin, retinoic acid, and sodium butyrate) and large molecules (e.g. activin A, betacellulin, bone morphogentic protein (BMP4), epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), noggin, transforming growth factor (TGF-α), and WNT3A) are thought to contribute from the initial stages of definitive endoderm formation to the final stages of maturation of functional endocrine cells. We discuss the importance of such small and large molecules in uniquely optimized protocols of β-cell differentiation from stem cells. A global understanding of various small and large molecules and their functions will help to establish an efficient protocol for β-cell differentiation.
Related Links	http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms151223418
Ending Page	23447
Page Count	30
Starting Page	23418
File Format	PDF
ISSN	14220067
e-ISSN	14220067
Journal	International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Issue Number	12
Volume Number	15
Language	English
Publisher	MDPI
Publisher Date	2014-12-01
Access Restriction	Open
Rights Holder	MDPI
Subject Keyword	Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Inorganic Chemistry Organic Chemistry Spectroscopy Molecular Biology Catalysis Computer Science Applications Research in Higher Education
Content Type	Text
Resource Type	Article
Subject	Spectroscopy Organic Chemistry Medicine Molecular Biology Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Catalysis Inorganic Chemistry Computer Science Applications

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